CHEM 351- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 33 pages long!)

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Atoms are an ordered collection of various subatomic particles. The central nucleus contains the protons and neutrons, around this are the all important electrons. Simply put, chemical reactions are about reorganizing bonds, and bonds are due electrons. Electrons have always been thought of as particles, since their discovery in 1897, however, in. 1924 it was suggested that they also have wave-like properties. This concept of (cid:1688)wave- particle duality(cid:1689) is founded by de broglie. Schrodinger was able to show that electrons in a hydrogen atom could be described by a wave function, y. Electrons are described as being in orbitals around an atom that are mathematical (cid:1688)constructs(cid:1689) based on y, that describes the motion of an electron. An orbital is a mathematical function, 4p(r^2)(y^2), that describes the region of high probability (of electrons) in space around a nucleus. S- and p-type orbital can be described by using quantum numbers, which arise from the wave functions and quantum mechanics.

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