BIOL 1080 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Time, Skeletal Muscle, Glucose
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
BIOL 1080
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
The systematic study of complex interactions in biological
systems
•
Exquisite control over experimental conditions
Can elucidate mechanisms
Isolated models (molecules, cells, organs, tissues):
○
Less control over variables
Viewed as less mechanistic (i.e. what factor was
the most important)
Integrated whole-body or organism approach:
○
Isolated test is done in the absence of other
hormones
Overweight individuals become leptin resistant
Different outcomes occur with reduction vs
integration experiments
Ex. Stimulation of fat oxidation in a muscle by the
antiobesity hormone, leptin:
○
Muscle mitochondrial content limits
VO2 max
Single leg extensions -reduction model
□
VO2 max is limited mainly by
cardiac output
Whole body exercise -integrated model
□
What limits maximal oxygen uptake?
But blood flow and neural input would no
longer be factors, so is it physiologically
relevant?
□
Examining mechanisms of fatigue in an
isolated, contracting muscle
Other examples:
○
Reduction vs. Integration
•
Incorporates many levels from genes to proteins to
tissues to integrated systems
○
Involves mathematical modeling and computational
○
Systems biology considers interactions and dynamics
•
Systems Biology
Introduction & Systems Biology
Monday,*September* 11,*2017
11:28*AM
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Involves mathematical modeling and computational
power
○
Fasting blood glucose concentrations > 6.9mM
or OGTT result > 11.1mM (@ 2hrs)
Present diagnosis is a reductionist approach
○
Time -single time
Space/location -single site
Context -doesn’t tell you why blood glucose is
increased
Considerations:
○
If we don’t know why blood glucose is elevated, is it
logical to use a "one drug fits all" approach?
○
Clinical Example: Type 2 Diabetes and Regulation of Blood
Glucose
•
ROS can induce oxidative damage, promoting
aging and disease
Antioxidants protect the cell from damaging
effects
PROS
○
A certain amount of ROS is protective (leads to
apoptosis)
Some studies show that vitamin C/E
supplementation block mitochondrial
adaptations to exercise training
□
ROS are a natural signal involved in adaptation
(exercise training)
Trained induced increase in VO2 max
appears blunted by vitamin C in both
humans and rats
□
Training-improved endurance (in rats)
also appears to be blunted by vitamin C
□
PCG-1 (master switch that turns on
synthesis of mitochondria) is lower in
(rats) trained and vitamin C supplemented
individuals compared to untrained
□
Cytochrome C (component of the ETC) is
lower in trained with vitamin C
□
Oral administration of vitamin C decreases
muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers
training-induced adaptations in endurance
performance
CONS
○
Nutritional Example: Taking Antioxidants
•
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
The systematic study of complex interactions in biological systems. Viewed as less mechanistic (i. e. what factor was the most important) Stimulation of fat oxidation in a muscle by the antiobesity hormone, leptin: Isolated test is done in the absence of other hormones. Different outcomes occur with reduction vs integration experiments. Vo2 max is limited mainly by cardiac output. Examining mechanisms of fatigue in an isolated, contracting muscle. Incorporates many levels from genes to proteins to tissues to integrated systems. Clinical example: type 2 diabetes and regulation of blood. Fasting blood glucose concentrations > 6. 9mm or ogtt result > 11. 1mm (@ 2hrs) Context - doesn"t tell you why blood glucose is increased. Ros can induce oxidative damage, promoting aging and disease. A certain amount of ros is protective (leads to apoptosis) Ros are a natural signal involved in adaptation (exercise training) Some studies show that vitamin c/e supplementation block mitochondrial adaptations to exercise training.
