[MBG 1000] - Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam (26 pages long!)

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Once something starts going wrong with a dna molecule, everything following is affected. Most of the dna we have is in the nucleus. Humans are nucleonic organisms: complex cell structures, nucleus that is membrane bound. Dna associated with mitochondrion: makes atp, origin: bacterial nature, own genome. Somatic cells are all diploid: cannot produce sex cells, general cells within our bodies, 2 homogenous copies of the same chromosome, 22 are non sex chromosomes (autosomes, 44 autosomes per somatic cell. Germline cells are haploid: produce gametes. Sperm cells, egg cells: one copy of a specific chromosome, get x chromosome from mom, x or y from dad. All cells in body have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Everything is produced from this single cell. Mitosis & development: from one zygote, duplicated diploid cell and starts to multiply, specific genetic characteristics are expressed to determine how embryo will develop. Consists of 4 nucleotide bases: adenine (a), thymine (t), cytosine (c), guanine (g)

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