NUTR 3330 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Metabolism, Nutrient
NUTR 3330
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
NUTR3330 Lecture 1
September 6, 2018
Nutrients: Macro vs. Micro
•Macronutrients
•Carbohydrate, protein and fat
•Needed in gram amounts
•Provide energy
•Micronutrients
•Vitamins and minerals
•Needed in milli- or micro-gram amounts
•Do not provide energy but facilitate energy production of macronutrients
Vitamins Discovery
•Two important lines of evidence
•Study of certain substances that prevent deficiency diseases
•Study of accessory factors that are needed for survival of animals fed purified diets
•Term coined by Polish Scientist Casimir Funk
•Certain food ingredients are essential to health
•“Vita” = life
•“Amine” = N containing
•Funk’s vitamin theory, published in 1912
•Was aware the substances might later prove not all to be of an anime nature
Vitamin Definition
•1. Organic Compounds
•Distinct from fats, carbohydrates and proteins
•2. Natural
•Usually present in minute amounts
•3. Essential for Normal Physiological Function
•Small amount
•4. Specific Deficiency Syndrome (eg. scurvy beriberi)
•Caused by its absence or under-utilization
•Not able to absorb or convert it
•5. Not Absorbed by the host in amounts adequate to meet normal physiological needs
Vitamins: What are They?
•14 Vitamins exist
•B Vitamins (8 vitamins)
•Thiamin (B1)
•Riboflavin (B2)
•Niacin (B3)
•Pantothenic Acid (B5)
•Pyridoxine (B6)
•Biotin
•Folic Acid
•Cobalamin (B12)
•Choline (related to B vitamins)
•Vitamin C
•Vitamin D
•Vitamin K
•Vitamin E
•Vitamin A
•What is Beta Carotene?
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•“Pro-vitamin A
•Carotenoid
•Orange/yellow colour
•Non-toxic; often used in multi-vitamin supplements
Vitamins: Classification
•Easily classified according to solubility
•Water soluble
•B vitamins and Vitamin C
•Dissolve in water (hydrophilic)
•Cannot be stored, daily supple necessary
•Move directly into blood; travel freely
•Easily taken up and released by body tissues
•Excess amounts excreted in urine
•Fat soluble
•Vitamins A, D, E & K
•Cannot dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
•Dissolve in fat (dietary and body)
•Need dietary fat to be absorbed
•Enter blood via lymph; need transport proteins
•Can be stored (liver and body fat); daily supplies not as important
•More concern about excess intakes
Vitamins are Organic
•Organic means they contain carbon
•Can be easily destroyed
•Must be handled with care during storage and cooking
•Especially thiamin, riboflavin, Vitamin C
•Prolonged heating destroys thiamin
•UV light destroys riboflavin
•Oxygen destroys Vitamin C
Vitamins: Metabolic Functions
•Each vitamin performs specific function
•Some functions performed by one vitamin (vision and Vitamin A)
•Others performed by many vitamins (antioxidants and Vitamin E, C, beta carotene)
•Knowledge of normal function gives understanding of deficiency
•eg. Vitamin K and blood clotting
Vitamins: General Functions
•Co-enzymes: helping the enzyme; form part of physical structure and function
•B Vitamins
•Vitamin A, K & C
•Hydrogen/Electron Acceptors/Donors
•B vitamins, Vitamin C, E & K
•Hormones
•Vitamin D
Vitamins: 106 Years!
•Nobel prizes awarded for vitamin research
•The term “vitamine” was introduced in 1912 to reflect vitamin and amine for dietary factors that
could prevent diseases like beriberi, pellagra and scurvy
•Today uncertainties still exist
•Issues such as bioavailability, requirements for optimal health
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find more resources at oneclass.com
