PATH 3610 Study Guide - Summer 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - White Blood Cell, Urine, Reactive Oxygen Species
12 Oct 2018
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PATH 3610
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Cell Degeneration and Death
Unit Outline:
1. Describe lethal and non-lethal cell injury, and apoptosis
2. Outline four basic mechanisms of cell degeneration and necrosis
3. Outline the causes and describe outcomes of impaired cellular energy production
4. Outline the causes and describe outcomes of impaired cell membrane function
5. Describe fatty degeneration and outline mechanisms of fatty liver degeneration
6. Describe how local accumulation of iron occurs in tissues
7. Define jaundice and outline three basic mechanisms in which it develops
8. Outline how DNA abnormalities can be manifested at a cellular level
9. Define necrosis and describe cytoplasmic and nuclear evidence of necrosis
10. Briefly describe the gross evidence of necrosis
11. List and briefly describe the problems (clinical evidence) associated with tissue necrosis
12. Describe what is meant by post-mortem changes
The Normal Cell
Structure:
Cell consists of protoplasm (cytoplasm + nucleoplasm) with structural components called organelles.
Cell contains:
• Cell membrane - also known as the plasma membrane or plasmalemma, separates the internal cell
from the external environment
o Membrane lipids:
• Most of the membrane is composed of bilayer lipids
• This restricts movement of a variety of hydrophilic substances, forming a semi-
permeable barrier
• Cell phospholipid constituents may be integral to cell signalling
▪ Phosphatidylserine (phospholipid actively concentrated on the inner leaf of the
cell membrane) is suggested to "flip" to the outer leaf during certain forms of cell
death
o Membrane proteins:
• A variety of proteins provide anchors for internal cytoskeletal elements as well for
external matrix components
▪ Impart shape and structure to the cell as well as organization within tissues
▪ Involves in signalling relationship of the cell to adjacent cells and extracellular
components
• Membrane-bound proteins are necessary for cell signal reception (receptors) which
trigger a variety of intracellular changes (depending on balance of receptors activated)
• Some proteins bound specifically onto the inner lead are components of enzyme
systems that propogate these receptor signals into the cell
• Cell membrane proteins and glycoproteins are also integral to the facilitation of
transport of hydrophophilic substances across the cell membrane (passively or actively)
▪ Some substances transported represent nutrients necessary for cell metabolism
(as well as waste products produced)
▪ Additionally, artificial ion balances maintained across cell membranes by these
proteins generate membrane potentials necessary for the function of excitable
cells
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▪ Activation of some cell surface receptors open these transport proteins and their
signal is propagated into the cell by a change in the intracellular concentration of
the constituents which enter or leave the cell
o Specialized cell membrane structures:
• Microvilli - form on the apical surface of some cells in the intestinal tract and function
to increase the surface area
• Rods and cones of the ye - form functional photoreceptor component
• Myelin sheaths - surround nerve axons to increase conductivity along the axon
• Cilia - on cells of the respiratory tree (epididymis) which aid in the motion of surface
constituents
• Cytoplasm - thick, transparent, viscid fluid matrix in which inorganic substances and most
carbohydrates are dissolved, and most organic compounds of protein and lipid nature are found as
colloidal suspensions (these bear repellent electric charges which keep them separate from each
other)
o Biochemical functions occurring in the cytoplasm are dependent on the presence of certain
organelles
• Organelles:
o Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Series of parallel membranes of tubulo-vesicular appearance with an internal fluid
matric
• Connected both to the nuclear membrane and the cell membrane at some point
• Serve to transport chemical materials and for secretion and storage purposes
• In some areas, there are granular bodies attached to its outer surface and these regions
are referred to as the granular or rough ER (opposed to the smooth ER)
▪ These bodies are named ribosomes and are the site for protein synthesis
o Golgi Complex
• Located near the nucleus and in connection with the ER
• They are flattened vesicles arranged in a stacked fashion
• Act as a "packaging factory" for proteins which bud off in vesicular form from the
stacks
o Mitochondria
• Rod-shaped bodies, regarded as the "power plant" of the cell
• Their function is to extract energy from nutrients and oxygen and synthesize ATP
o Lysosomes
• Membrane-enclosed spheres which contain powerful digestive enzymes
• Some may discharge their enzymes externally, but maybe are responsible for internal
digestion
o Microtubules
• Protein tubules which form the "microskeleton" of the cell and may also have a
transport function
o Centrosome
• Dense cytoplasmic area near the nucleus containing a pair of centrioles
• Important in cell reproduction
o Flagellae and Cilia
• Some cells have cytoplasmic projections covered by the cell membrane for movement
• Ex. Flagellum is the tail of a human spermatozoon
• Cilia are numerous small hair-like projections which have a role in moving materials
over the surface of a cell
▪ Typically seen in the lining of the respiratory epithelium of the air passage
(trachea and bronchi)
• Nuclear membrane
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Cell consists of protoplasm (cytoplasm + nucleoplasm) with structural components called organelles. Impart shape and structure to the cell as well as organization within tissues. Important in cell reproduction: flagellae and cilia, some cells have cytoplasmic projections covered by the cell membrane for movement, ex. It contains large amounts of dna, which control protein synthesis and reproduce themselves via mitosis. It is concerned with protein synthesis and is very prominent at times of cellular activity. *intracellular structures are particularly vulnerable to disease processes including: Integrity of the cell membrane: aerobic respiration (energy production, metabolic processes, genetic apparatus. The cell is the basic unit of the body and is arranged in groups termed tissues. Tissues are arranged to compose organs (identified by the eye). Includes those that comprise the immune systems, inflammatory cells and the blood. Within an organ, the functional cells of the organ are termed the parenchymal cells.
