SOAN 2120 Study Guide - Empirical Measure, Longitudinal Study, Criterion Validity

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Needleman case thought that lead accumulates bones and in teeth. 1975 collected from 3329 1st and 2nd grade children. 270 of the most likely subjects, were able to match on other variables. Direct knowledge: things we"ve experienced ourselves, through: experience and observation. Indirect knowledge: consensus on reality, something that has been agreed upon, through: tradition and authority( status) Common errors of human inquiry and possible safeguards. Over generalization - belief of a non existing pattern. Selective observation - concentrate on observations that focus on proving hypothesis. Claims about causation eg. lead exposure causes reduced intelligence. Need support- evidence, authority, expertise, rank of source. Galileo published- dialogue on the two principle world systems supported heliocentric model. 1633 trial- forced to recant and imprisoned (later committed to house arrest) 1757 church removed book from index of published books. 1979 pope john paul 2nd called for a re-examination of the galileo case- published secret archives, admitted judges were wrong.

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