MBIO 1010 Study Guide - Final Guide: Myxobacteria, Microbiological Culture, Microbiology
20 May 2018
School
Department
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Professor
MBIO 1010 - Summer 2018 Vincent Pua
1
UNIT 1 – MICROBIOLOGY AND MIRCOORGANISMS
Microbiology
- The study of microorganisms that can or cannot be visible to the human eye.
- Includes multicellularity, but multicellularity can be also achieved from groups of singled celled
microorganisms coming together to create a colony.
o Visible microorganisms
§ Fungi
§ Algae
o Small microorganisms not visible to the eye
§ Bacteria
§ Viruses
§ Singled celled eukaryotes
o Microbes that are multicellular
§ Myxobacteria
§ Slime molds
- Microbiology is defined by techniques:
o Culture media
§ For isolation and growth of organisms in pure culture
§ Taking out bacteria from an environment and placing them in a controlled
environment (for isolation and growth).
• Purpose is because microorganisms are difficult to see and can be
contaminated with other types of bacteria.
Figure 1.2
Single solitary cells coming
from one single cell.
Groups of cells are clones of
each other, creating the PURE
CULTURE
- Microbiology uses biochemistry to study cell components
- Microbiology uses molecular and genetic techniques.
Microbial Importance
- Oldest form of life
- Largest mass of living material on earth
- Carry put major processes for biogeochemical cycles
- Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
- Some life forms require microbes for survival.
MBIO 1010 - Summer 2018 Vincent Pua
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Cell Characteristics
1. Cytoplasmic Membrane
o Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment
o Can be used interchangeably with plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
o Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and proteins.
3. Ribosomes
o Site of protein synthesis
o Prokaryotes have 70S Ribosomes (3-piece ribosome)
o Eukaryotes have 80S Ribosomes (4-piece ribosome)
4. Genetic material
o All cells store their genetic information as DNA
o The information is divided into functional units called genes
5. Genome
o A cell’s full complement of genes
6. Chromosome
o A genetic element carrying genes essential to cellular function
§ Humans typically have 23 pairs, Bacteria typically only have 1 pair
7. Plasmid
o A piece of DNA that carries non-essential genes
§ Ex. Genes for antibiotic resistance
8. Metabolism
o The biochemistry of cells
o The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell to carry out the processes of life
Catabolism
§ Reactions that break complex molecules into simpler ones, release energy
Anabolism
§ Reactions that build complex molecules from simpler ones, require energy
9. Enzymes
o Proteins that increase the rate at which chemical reactions occur, by lowering the
activation energy required
MBIO 1010 - Summer 2018 Vincent Pua
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10. ATP
o The major energy carrier in the cell
o Used to store energy released during catabolism
o Supply energy needed for anabolism
11. Proton Motive Force (PMF)
o A gradient of protons (H+) across a membrane
o Potential energy that can be used to drive cellular functions
o Electron transport chain drives protons out of cell allowing the PMF to be created.
o Some cells used the PMF to generate ATP
§ Others used ATP to generate the PMF
Categories of Microorganisms (Structure approach)
1. Eukaryotes
o Membrane bound nucleus
o Membrane bound organelles
o Complex internal organization
o Division by mitosis and meiosis
2 major groups of eukaryotic microbes
Protists
§ Unicellular or multicellular without differentiation in tissues
Includes:
• Protozoa, animal-like microorganisms
• Algae, photosynthetic plant-like microorganisms
• Slime molds and water molds, filamentous
Fungi
§ Unicellular (yeasts), Filamentous (molds), Multicellular (Mushrooms)
2. Prokaryotes
o No membrane bound nucleus or organelles
o Generally smaller (approx. 1 um diameter)
o Simple internal structure
o Divide by binary fission
o Most are unicellular
2 major groups of prokaryotic microbes
Bacteria
§ Genetically diverse
§ Extremely diverse metabolic styles
§ Includes pathogenic and non-pathogenic
Document Summary
The study of microorganisms that can or cannot be visible to the human eye. Includes multicellularity, but multicellularity can be also achieved from groups of singled celled microorganisms coming together to create a colony: visible microorganisms. Algae: small microorganisms not visible to the eye. Singled celled eukaryotes: microbes that are multicellular. Microbiology is defined by techniques: culture media. For isolation and growth of organisms in pure culture. Taking out bacteria from an environment and placing them in a controlled environment (for isolation and growth): purpose is because microorganisms are difficult to see and can be contaminated with other types of bacteria. Single solitary cells coming from one single cell. Groups of cells are clones of each other, creating the pure. Microbiology uses biochemistry to study cell components. Carry put major processes for biogeochemical cycles. Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms. Some life forms require microbes for survival.
