PHIL 2750 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Input Method, Ethics, Environmentalism

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PHIL 2750
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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lOMoARcPSD| 987298
Ethics and the Environment Class Notes
JAN. 6,
Ethics and the Environment:
Argument:
Argument in philosophy is a series of claims where one claim is intended to
support a disinct claim
o Series of claims: claim 1….claim 2…claim
3…etc o Claim/statement = complete thought
It is not a heated dispute. Nor is it a mere report of one’s feelings or
views We label the parts of an argument premise(s) and a conclusion
Always one premise that supports one conclusion
A few reasons support your premise and conclusion
Conclusion is like a thesis
statement A Simple Moral Argument:
1. If reducing pain is good, then I ought to reduce as much pain as
possible here and now (premise)
2. Reducing pain is good (premise)
3. Therefore, I ought to reduce as much pain as possible here
and how (conclusion)
“Ought” = pracical (concerned with acion)
If (1) and (2) are true and you therefore believe (3), you should
act/do something
What follows from the conclusion of this argument? Should I
(or you) do something if we believe the premises to by true?
What is appropriate criicism of an argument?
Inappropriate criicism: the mere expression of adverse or
disapproving comments
Appropriate criicism: the discussion and analysis of the merits or
faults of a premise
You either criicize the premises (content/reasons) or the form
of an argument you never simply reject the conclusion
Ethics:
What is Normaive Ethics? Some common features of normaive ethical theories
Concerns ethical “ought”; disinct subject mater; acion-guided (prescripive);
authoritaive; based on fundamental principles; universal in scope; illuminates
experience
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lOMoARcPSD| 987298
Normaive: concerns norms/regulaions that govern conduct and
serve as basis for assessment and evaluaion
Says what’s right versus wrong, and then allows us to
assess and evaluate
Ethics prescribes; it is diferent from disciplines that simply
describe (ex: anthropology)
Ethics does not only refer to the convenional morality of a society
For us, it refers to a universal ideal of human life that is grounded in reason
Convenional morality of the day could be and most certainly is unethical in some
way (ex: pracice of slavery)
What are the good ends to pursue in life? What is right conduct in life?
Morality is a disinct subject mater or area of concern in human life, governed by
reasons, which is intended to guide, conduct and serve as basis for assessment
Philosophical ethics is not the same as a professional code of ethics
Morality encompasses a set of consideraions that are diferent from
other areas of life (ex: prudenial or aestheic concerns)
Morality possesses an authority that seems to outweigh personal consideraions
So: we should be moral even when it is contrary to our personal beneit
Violaing moral norms is a serious failing in a way that violaing, say, aestheic
norms is not
Ethical claims seem to be true or false (or beter or worse)
Environment:
There will be no deiniion of “environment”
It includes, at least, the “natural world”
Humans seem to be part of “natural world” in this
sense Will include both living and non-living things
Can refer to enire “systems” of life (ex: an ecosystem as well as
individual living things)
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Document Summary

Argument in philosophy is a series of claims where one claim is intended to support a disinct claim: series of claims: claim 1 . claim 2 claim. Nor is it a mere report of one"s feelings or views we label the parts of an argument premise(s) and a conclusion. A few reasons support your premise and conclusion. If (1) and (2) are true and you therefore believe (3), you should act/do something. Inappropriate criicism: the mere expression of adverse or disapproving comments. Appropriate criicism: the discussion and analysis of the merits or faults of a premise. You either criicize the premises (content/reasons) or the form of an argument you never simply reject the conclusion. Concerns ethical ought ; disinct subject mater; acion-guided (prescripive); authoritaive; based on fundamental principles; universal in scope; illuminates experience lomoar cpsd| 987298. Normaive: concerns norms/regulaions that govern conduct and serve as basis for assessment and evaluaion.

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