PHIL 140 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Reductio Ad Absurdum, Propositional Calculus, Disjunctive Syllogism
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Categorical logic: logic, an exercise in precision, clarity, the ability to arrive at definite answers. There are 4 components to statements: subject. It applies u(cid:374)i(cid:448)e(cid:396)sally, to all, or no none: particular- (cid:862)so(cid:373)e,(cid:863) it is pa(cid:396)ti(cid:272)ula(cid:396) (cid:271)e(cid:272)ause of its s(cid:272)ope. It applies to so(cid:373)e o(cid:396) o(cid:374)e: the quantity of a categorical statement is whether it is universal or particular. A statements: all s is p; so there is no p. E statements: no s is p; so there is no s&p. Some s is p; so there is some s&p (at least one) Some s is not p; so there is some s (at least one) Testing equivalence with venn diagrams: venn diagrams can come in handy when you want to know whether two categorical statements are equivalent. If the diagram for the statements are identical, then the statements are equivalent.