PHSI 208- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 229 pages long!)
Document Summary
Topics: buffer systems, ventilation and ph changes, kidney control of acid/base balance, acid- base disturbances may be respiratory or metabolic. ph balance in the body. In day-to-day functioning, the body is challenged by intake and production of acids more than bases. Acid input is as a result of diet, as well as acids produced in metabolism. Buffer systems include proteins, phosphate ions, and hco3-. A buffer is a molecule that moderates, but does not prevent changes in ph by combining with or releasing h+. In the absence of a buffer, adding acid to a solution causes a sharp change in ph, but in the presence of buffers, the h+ added is bound and ph change is slightly moderated or may even be unnoticeable. Buffers are found within cells and in the plasma. Intracellular buffers include cellular proteins, phosphate ions (nahpo4) and hemoglobin (v. important intracellular proton buffer). About 7% of co2 is dissolved in blood.
