PSYCH101 Study Guide - Final Guide: Minority Influence, Social Proof, Social Loafing
2 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Multiple choice question break-down
Topic
Number of
questions
Reading assignment
Introducing Psychology
5
Chapter 1 pgs 3 - 22
Research Methods
6
No assigned reading
Neuropsychology
9
Chapter 5
pgs 147 – 179 (except Mirror
Neurons)
Sensation and Perception
5
No assigned reading
Developmental Psychology
9
Chapter 11 !
pgs 413 – 442 but skip
physical development
Cognitive Psychology (knowledge
acquisition)
6
No assigned reading
Cognitive Psychology
(memory)
7
Chapter 9!
full chapter
Motivation
5
Chapter 6
pgs 195 – 212
Social Psychology (social behaviour and
social cognition)
19
Chapter 13
Clinical/Abnormal Psychology
19
Chapter 16!
pgs 631 – 661
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY: SOCIAL COGNITION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
From the lecture:
•Understand Lewin’s equation and how it relates to social psychology and personality
psychology
oBehaviour is dependent on Personal determinant and Environmental determinants
oB = (P,E)
•What are the typical methods for studying social psychology vs. personality psychology?
oSocial psychologist -
▪Independent variable - manipulate feature of external environment
•Expose Within or Between subjects to independent variable
▪Dependent variable - determine effects of specific situation on behaviour
oPersonality psychologist
▪Predictor variable: Self report questionnaire, rating scale, general
behavioural observations
▪Correlate individual behaviours with behaviour
•Know about conformity and social norms and remember the classic experiment
associated with these.
oConformity: A change in behaviour to fit a group
oSocial norms - guidelines for to behave in social context
oExperiment - a group of experimenters say a piece of rope is a certain length
when it is clearly another, but the group says the same
•What is the difference between normative and informational influence?
oNormative influence: based on peoples’ need to be liked
oInformational influence: based on people’s need to be liked
•Be able to identify a case of minority influence.
oMinority influence: can reduce conformity and create social change
oEg small amount of people come out as transgender now lots of people have come
out
•Explain obedience to authority and know which classic experiment illustrates this. Do the
same for Social Roles.
oObedience: complying to orders from authority figure
▪Experiment: Shocking person
oSocial Roles: specific set of behaviours that are associated a position within a
group
▪Experiment: people given the role of prison and prison guard
•guards became aggressive and prisoners were emotionally
disturbed
•How does our behaviour change when we are in groups? Know all the terms associated
with group dynamics.
oPerformance effects:
▪Mere presence effect: changes in a persons behaviour due to another
person being there
▪Social facilitation: tendency to perform better when other people are there
than alone
▪Social loafing: tendency to reduce effort when working in a group
oAttitude effects:
▪Group polarization: when members discuss characteristics attitudes and
their views become stronger
oSocial behaviour effects
▪Pluralistic ignorance: A type of misunderstanding that members of a group
don't realize other members share uncertainty
▪Prosocial behaviours: promote group well being, social functioning, or
group cohesion
▪Antisocial behaviours: may serve one individual or small group at the
expense of greater community
▪Deindividuation: the state in which a person in a group loses awareness of
themselves as a separate individual
▪Bystander effect: occurs when a person in a group in a group doesn't
provide help to a person in need
▪Diffusion of responsibility: when people feel less responsible for a person
in a group
▪Altruism: helping someone in need without getting something in return
•What are some of the factors that cause people to be attracted to others?
oLower level: Attraction
▪Proximity: geographical nearness
▪Matching phenomenon: the tendency for people to choose people partners
who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits
▪Mere exposure effect: the tendency for liking to increase with increase of
exposure
oMore complex:
▪Arousal theory: we feel something on the inside and once we have that
feeling we try to feel it by putting an emotion to it
▪Creating intimacy
oHow did Aron’s question-based approach for creating intimacy work?
•What is an attribution theory?
oAttribution: process that explain the causes of behaviour and events
oAttribution theory: umbrella term for explaining those processes
•What kind of model is Kelley’s attribution theory? What are the three questions we must
ask when making attributions, according to Kelley?
oDoes this person regularly behave this way in this situation?
oDo other people regularly behave this way in this situation?
oDoes this person regularly behave this way in many other situations?
•We make errors in attributions. Can you describe how these errors come about?
oPerson attribution bias: too much emphasis on personality
oConditions promoting person bias: if the person is under cognitive load
13
PSYCH101 Full Course Notes
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