PSYCH101 Study Guide - Comprehensive Final Exam Guide - Anxiety, Sigmund Freud, Memory
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20 Nov 2018
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Department
Course
Professor
PSYCH101
Unipolar Depression
Introduction to Psychopathology
Models of Abnormality
1. Medical: Behaviour is symptomatic of physiological abnormality
a. Prescription drug treatment
2. Psychodynamic: Behaviour is symptomatic of unresolved intrapsychic conflicts
a. Repression – emotional experiences in past become repressed in our mind
3. Humanistic: Behaviour is symptomatic of inability to fulfill human needs and capabilities
a. Ideal vs. real self
4. Cognitive: Behaviour is symptomatic of faulty thinking or beliefs about self and the world
a. CBT
5. Behavioural: Behaviour is maladaptive responding due to faulty learning; not symptomatic of
underlying pathology
a. Fear of cats
6. Sociocultural: Behaviour is symptomatic of dysfunctional environments such as family, society,
or culture
a. Take person out of life and treat as single entity
Classifying Psychological Disorders with the DSM
• Reliable method of diagnosis
• Criteria for diagnosis
• Etiology (causes)
• Prognosis (predictions)
• Statistics (e.g., prevalence, risk factors)
• Guide treatment choices
• Biased to medical model
• Promotes labelling
Some Major DSM Classifications
Goals of Therapy
• Cure disorder
• Alleviate symptoms/suffering
• Shorten duration of episode
• Prevent future episodes
Unipolar Depression
Criteria of Major Depressive Disorder
At least 5 of the following: one or both of the first two, PLUS three of more of the rest. Must be present
for at least 2 weeks
• Depressed mood most of the day, and/or
• Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities
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• Significant increase or decrease in appetite or weight
• Insomnia, sleeping too much, or disrupted sleep
• Lethargy, or physical agitation
• Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day
• Worthlessness, or excessive/inappropriate guilt (deciding factor between depression and
bereavement)
• Daily problems, in thinking, concentrating, and/or making decisions
• Recurring thoughts of death and suicide
Depression
• Emotional symptoms
o Sadness
o Hopelessness
o Anxiety
o Misery
o Inability to enjoy
• Cognitive symptoms
o Negative cognitions about self, world, and future
• Motivational symptoms
o Loss of interest
o Lack of desire
o Difficulty starting anything
• Somatic symptoms
o Loss of appetite
o Lack of energy
o Sleep difficulties
o Weight loss/gain
The “Common Cold” of Psychological Disorders
• Depression appears worldwide and across all social strata
• Per year, depressive episodes happen to about 6 percent of men and about 9 percent of women
o Likely underreported
• Over the course of a lifetime, 12 percent of Canadians and 17 percent of Americans experience
depression
Depression Patterns
• 50% depression will recur: about half will have a future episode after the other
• 40% will never recur after recovery
• 10% no recovery, chronic depression – never get back to premorbid state
Medical Model
• Mental “illness”
• 4 possible causes:
1) Infection – CAN’T CATCH
2) Genetics
3) Neurostructural – prefrontal ventricles, something wrong with hardware
4) Neurochemical – something wrong with software, neurotransmitters
Biology od Depression: Genetics
• Evidence of genetic influence on depression:
1) DNA linkage analysis reveals depressed gene regions
2) Twin/adoption heritability studies
The
Cognitive
Triad
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