POLI 101 Study Guide - Winter 2019, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Quebec, Province Of Canada, French Language
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POLI 101
Introduction to Canadian Politics
Chapter 1
Canadian provinces and locations
Ontario has a lot of power since most of the population is located in this province
Census Metropolitan Areas
1. Toronto
2. Montreal
3. Vancouver
4. Calgary
5. Ottawa
Early History
• Archaeological remnants of human life dating back 30,000 years
• Not much is known
• Aboriginal people lived on the territory for thousands of years from coast to coast
• Earliest Europeans: Vikings 1000 CE (Common Era)
• Called it “Vinland”
• Temporary
• Arrived because of fishing
• 500 more years before the first permanent European settlements
Early Settlement
• 1500s
• → Settlement in St.John’s Newfoundland (British)
• → French, Portuguese, and Spanish also used East Coast harbours for bases,
primarily for fishing
• 1534s
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• → Jacques Cartier arrived in what is modern day Quebec, attempts settlement
• Many British also arrived but mostly settled in USA
• Jacques Cartier
• An early French explorer to parts of Newfoundland and Quebec
• The first to map major parts of what is now Quebec city and Montreal (Although he
thought he was in Asia)
• Planted a cross and claimed the land in the name of France
• Naming Canada-Kanata (The Iroquois term for settlement)
• Attempted to set up a colony but disease, lack of supply and problematic relations
with the Iroquois led to abandonment of a settlement
First European Settlement
• Samuel de Champlain
• Another French explorer tasked with finding a suitable place for settlement
• Originally created a small settlement in what is now Port Royal, NS
• On his second trip, in 1608, he established Quebec City
• Establish trading relations with Indigenous groups particularly the Huron and
Algonquin
• Enemies of the Iroquois
• Champlain ended up in battle with Huron against the Iroquois
• First known use of European guns, forced Iroquois to scatter even
though they had significantly more warriors
• Introduction of guns and conflict caused major shift in power and began entrench
French-Huron relations and later English-Iroquois relations.
Colonial Expansion
• Next few hundred years: Colonies developed
• “An area of land geographically remote from the metropolis (The centre of the
colonial power) and incorporated into the colonial empire either by the right of first
possession or by conquest”
Les Filles du Roi (The King’s Daughters)
• Early settlements were staffed primarily by men
• The King of France (Louis XIV) wanted to entice the men to stay in the colonies and wanted
to expand their numbers
• 1663 - 1673
• Les Filles du Roi, unmarried orphans or widowed women (usually poor) sponsored
by the King, about 800 in total
• Extremely successful in terms of expanding the population twice as fast as the baby
boom
• Estimated that nearly 2/3 rd of French Canadians can trace their lineage back to a
Fille du Roi
Colonial Economies
• Early trade was based on fishing, especially cod.
• The trading with Indigenous peoples led to the fur trade, primarily of beaver pelts
• Trading posts spread, but primarily two distinct areas
• St. Lawrence River to Great Lakes
• Rupert’s Land (Hudson Bay)
• Fur trade
• Primarily beaver pelts
• For hats in Europe
• Large scale trading and imperial desires led to permanent settlements missionary work, and
the development of political and economic systems
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Colonial Conflicts
• French and Indian War (1753-1763)
• North American front of the Seven Years War
• Named after the “enemies” of Britain
• Primarily in US territories, but extended up to NOva Scotia, Newfoundland, PEI and
QC
• Battle of Plains of Abraham
• September 13, 1759, lasted about one hour
• British troops led by James Wolfe
• French troops led by the Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
• Treaty of Utrecht, 1713
• A treaty after the war of Spanish Succession
• France ceded Newfoundland and Acadian colonies to Britain
• Tried to force Acadians to take an oath / allegiance to Britain
• Acadian Expulsion 1755-1764
• British forced out most Acadians
• To nearby US colonies, Louisiana, Carribean, Europe
European Intervention
• Treaty of Paris, 1763
• Following France’s loss to Britain in the Seven Years War
• France officially cedes North American territories to Britain
• Royal Proclamation, 1763
• Tried to stabilize North American colonies by providing rules and regulations for
colonial operations
• Tried to reduce conflict with Aboriginal people by providing claims for territory and
rights
• Attempt to colonize the French
• Quebec Act 1774
• 1763 Royal Proclamation required settlers in New France to swear an allegiance to
the British crown, which included Protestantism
• Aimed to assimilate the French population
• Governor James Murray reported back to Britain that assimilation was not working
and he needed French cooperation to run the colonies
• Quebec Act was intended to appease the French
• Allowed for Catholicism to be practiced openly
• Allowed for French civil law to continue although English criminal law was
maintained
• Allowed seigneurial system to continue
• Allowed Francophones to hold public office
Quebec Act Frustration
• British settlers within “Canadian” colonies were frustrated by the Quebec Act
• Disagree with seigneurial system wanted a free hold system
• Did not believe French should be allowed to run for public office
• British settlers in the 13 colonies (US) also viewed the Quebec Act as unacceptable
• Part of a series of “unacceptable” Acts passed by Britain
Colonial Conflicts: American Revolution
• 1776: Southern colonies revolted against British crown
• Those who fought for Britain and lost: the “Loyalists” fled to Canada (primarily modern day
Ontario and New Brunswick)
• Borders and boundaries of newly sovereign, independent state “United States” were
negotiated throughout the early 1800s- the 49th parallel
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