HLSC 2400U Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Sodium Channel, Memory, White Matter
HLSC 2400U
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture 3
Structure of Neurons
- Neurons receive info, process it and genertat outpu
- Organelles of a neuron include:
• Nucleus
• Golgi bodies
• Mitochondira
• Lysosomes
• Endoplasmic reticulum
- Nucleus, golgi and rough ER are restricted to the soma
- Others are distributed thruout neuron
- Two cell types:
1. Neurons
2. Neuroglia
o Schwann cells
o Satellite cells
o Astrocytes
o Oligodendrocytes
o Microglial cells
o Ependymal cells
Components of Neurons
1. Soma: synthesize a large quantity and variety of protiens used as
neurotransmitters
2. Dendrites: branchlike extensions that serve as main input sites
for cell
3. Axon: output of cell, sends info to other neurons, muscle cells, or
glands
4. Presynaptic terminals: transmission elements of the neurons
- Neurons transmit info about their acitivty via neurotransmitters from
presynaptic temrinal to the synaptic cleft (the space betwewen
neurons for interneuronal communication)
- Functions:
• Reception
• Integration
• Transmission
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• Transfer of info
Axoplasmic Transport
- Mechanism fro transportig substances along an axon
- Occurs in 2 directions:
• Anterograde: from soma to presynatic terminal
• Retrograde: from synapse to soma
- Occurs at many speeds but slow with age and in neurodegenrative
diseases (Parkinsons, etc.)
Types of Neurons
- Organization depedns on type of neuron involved:
• Bipolr cells (ex. Retinal bipolr cell in eye)
• Multipolar cells (ex. Spinal motor neuron; projects from spine to innervate
skeletal muscle fibers)
Bipolar Neurons
- 2 primary stucturs:
• Dendritic root: divide into multiple dendritiv branches
• Axon: project from presynaptic terminals
- Subclass of biplor cells: pseudounipolar:
• Has single projection from cell body divindign to 2
axonal roots and has 2 axons and no true dendrites
Multipolar Neurons
- Muliple dendrites arising from many regions of
cell body and a single axon
- Most common cells in vertebrate NS and has a
variety of shaped and organizations
- Specialized to receive and accommodate huge
amounts of synaptic input to their dendrites.
• Typical spinal motor cell receives
approximately 8,000 synapses on its
dendrites and 2,000 synapses on the cell
body itself
Transmission of Information by Neurons
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Neurons receive info, process it and genertat outpu. Organelles of a neuron include: nucleus, golgi bodies, mitochondira, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum. Nucleus, golgi and rough er are restricted to the soma. Two cell types: neurons, neuroglia, schwann cells, satellite cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells. Neurons transmit info about their acitivty via neurotransmitters from presynaptic temrinal to the synaptic cleft (the space betwewen neurons for interneuronal communication) Mechanism fro transportig substances along an axon. Occurs in 2 directions: anterograde: from soma to presynatic terminal, retrograde: from synapse to soma. Occurs at many speeds but slow with age and in neurodegenrative diseases (parkinsons, etc. ) Organization depedns on type of neuron involved: bipolr cells (ex. Retinal bipolr cell in eye: multipolar cells (ex. Spinal motor neuron; projects from spine to innervate skeletal muscle fibers) 2 primary stucturs: dendritic root: divide into multiple dendritiv branches, axon: project from presynaptic terminals.
