BIO 1140 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Half-Life, Apoptosis, Exocytosis

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6 Apr 2018

School

University of Ottawa

Department

Biology

Course

BIO 1140

Professor

Caroline Petit- Turcotte

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Document Summary

Correctly associate the chemical messengers (letters) with the provided characteristics (numbers): (6 marks) 1 - derived from phospholipids and act locally on pain and inflammation. 2 - bind intracellular receptors and act as transcription factors. 5 - packaged in vesicles and released by exocytosis. 6 - derived from amino acids, make up most neurotransmitters: compare and contrast the mechanism by which cell death is initiated and the end result between necrosis and apoptosis; provide your answer in a structured manner. Consider at least 1 advantage for each type of cell death. (4 marks) The process of apoptosis is programmed and occurs due to a normally triggered process, which could be self-generated signals of the cell during stages of the cell cycle. On the other hand, necrosis is not programmed and results in premature death of a cell and caused by external factors such as toxins or trauma, denatured proteins that enter circulation or infections.

Related Questions

1. Why is the process of gene rearrangement used in creating antibodies and T-cell receptors (TCRs) so important?

A. This is how our systems produce memory of pervious exposures, a key trait in adaptive immune responses.

B. Without it, we would need a single gene for every antibody and TCR required to mount all the possible responses need ed during our lives

C. interactions with antigens stimulate cells to initiate these processes, building the best and strongest response possible to the antigen

D. this is the same DNA altering process that leads to cancer. Understanding it leads to better treatments for cancer

2. Which of the following is NOT an antimicrobial substance?

A. keratin

B. Lysozyme

C. Defensins

D. Lactoferrins

E. Peroxidases

3. Which of the following is NOT an outcome of fever?

A. Direct destruction of microbes

B. increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines

C. increased production of lymphocytes

D. increased phagocytic killing by leukocytes

E. increased production of interferons

4. Which of the following pattern recognition receptors is/are anchored in the host cell membrane?

A. Only C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)

B. Only RIG-like receptors (RLRs)

C. TLR and CLRs

D. Only toll-like receptors (TLRs)

E. NLRs and RLRs

F. Only NOD-like receptors (NLRs)

5. Fever allows the body to fight microbial invaders by which of the following mechanisms?

A.Fever plays all of these roles in the body

B. Fever prevents microbes with lower optimum temperatures from growing, giving the immune system time to eliminate those cells

C. Fever increases the inflammatory response, but reduces the production of interferons unless the invader is a dsRNA virus

D. A moderate fever reduces the inflammatory response but stimulates phagocytic activity in neutrophils and eosinophils

E. Fever increases the multiplication of lymphocytes and enhances the release of substances that attract basophils that then engulf the microbial invader

6. According to the clonal selection theory

A. Each B cell is already programmed to produce a specific antibody

B. B cells producing autoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

C. Self-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus AND B cells producingautoantibodies are eliminated in the thymus

D. Seld-reactive T cells are killed in the thymus

7. Apoptosis

A. is a form of programmed cell death AND is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cells

B. refers to the transformation of B cells into plasma cells

C. is induced in target cells by effector T cytotoxic cell AND results specifically in T cell death

D. results specifically in T cell death AND refers to the transformation of B cells into plama cells

The vesicles that transport materials from donor membranes to acceptor membranes include:

	1.	COP-II coated vesicles
	2.	COP-III coated vesicles
	3.	COP-I coated vesicles
	4.	Clathrin coated vesicles

2.5 points

QUESTION 11

During skeletal muscle contraction, the roles of ATP include:

	1.	ATP is not required for forming the crossbridges between myosin and actin filaments.
	2.	ATP is utilized as a structural linker to mediate the interaction between myosin and actin filaments
	3.	Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for myosin head to move along actin filaments and the binding of ATP to myosin head allows the detachment of myosin fromactin filaments.
	4.	ATP binds to actin filaments to drive the power stroke of myosin head.

2.5 points

QUESTION 12

One of the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is

	1.	Synthesizing steroid hormone in the endocrine cells of the gonad and adrenal cortex
	2.	Serves as the starting point of the biosynthetic pathway
	3.	Synthesizing secretory proteins
	4.	Degrading cell debris

2.5 points

QUESTION 13

The function of COP-II coated vesicles is mainly:

	1.	Transporting materials from endosomes to Golgi complex
	2.	Moving materials from the ER to the ERGIC and Golgi complex.
	3.	Transporting materials from Golgi complex back to endoplasmic reticulum.
	4.	Involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis.

2.5 points

QUESTION 14

Which of the following processes is completed in rough endoplasmic reticulum?

	1.	Chaperones help misfolded proteins fold correctly.
	2.	Proteins that target to nucleus are synthesized in rough endoplasmic reticulum.
	3.	O-linked glycosylation occurs in rough endoplasmic reticulum.
	4.	Misfolded proteins are destructed in rough endoplamic reticulum.

2.5 points

QUESTION 15

Kinesin is the motor protein that coorporates with microtubules. It has the following functions:

	1.	It uses GTP as energy source.
	2.	It can hydrolyze ATP and use the energy to drive cargo along microtubules from minus end to plus end.
	3.	It has a globular head that can act as GTPase
	4.	The tail of kinesin is more diverse and binds to cargo

2.5 points

QUESTION 16

For correct segregation and trafficking, lysosomal proteins are tagged in the cis-Golgi with phosphorylated mannose residues, and then the tagged lysosomal enzymes are recruited to clathrin coated vesicles by mannose 6-phosphate receptors.

True

False

2.5 points

QUESTION 17

The process that specialized cells, such macrophages, engulf relatively large particles is:

	1.	Called pinocytosis
	2.	Called phagocytosis
	3.	Mediated by COP-II coated vesicles
	4.	Called autophagy

2.5 points

QUESTION 18

Proteins synthesized on rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are imported co-translationally to their destinations

True

False

2.5 points

QUESTION 19

Treatment of cells with a drug that promotes microtubule disassembly disperses Golgi complex into separate stacks of membrane compartments, suggesting that:

	1.	Golgi complex is made of microtubules.
	2.	Microtubules are important for the organization of Golgi complex.
	3.	Microtubules are transported into Golgi complex
	4.	Golgi complex is composed of tubulin proteins

2.5 points

QUESTION 20

Which of the following is correct about signal sequence of a secretory protein?

	1.	It is an âaddress codesâ for protein trafficking pathways
	2.	It is usually located at the C-terminus.
	3.	It targets the ribosome and the protein that is being synthesized to endoplasmic reticulum.
	4.	It is removed in Golgi complex.

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BIO 1140 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Half-Life, Apoptosis, Exocytosis

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