CRM 1300 Study Guide - Subcommittee On International Organizations Of The Committee On International Relations, Cesare Beccaria, Reality Principle

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1938, argued that we must go above law to understand crime; we need to look at conduct norms: crime as anomalous behaviour (leslie wilkins, argued that all conduct falls on a continuum (a bell curve) with normal behaviour in the centre and rare behaviour at the extremes, continuum moves from serious crime, to versus the law, to sin, to normal behaviour, to virtue, to altruism, to saintly behaviour, crime as labelled stigma (howard becker) 1975, argued that the denial of human rights should be the basis for criminalization: looked at political and institutional activities that violated human rights, crime as social harm (paddy hillyard, wrote beyond criminology", in which he argued we must look beyond crime and focus on the harms people experience, there are four types of harms: physical, financial, psychological, cultural safety, crime as protest vs. oppression (taylor, walton & young)

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