PHS4300- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 80 pages long!)
1 Dec 2017
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Clinical manifestations of pulmonary alterations: pnea = respiration (greek) Signs: use of accessory muscles for respiration, nostrils flare. Result of increased fluid in lung that was held up when standing. Tachypnea: >20 breaths/min (shallow: abnormal breathing sounds/patterns. Eupnea = rhythmic (8-16 breaths/min) (tidal volume average 500ml) Acute, nonproductive cough bronchitis or viral pneumonia. Persistent dry cough suggests tumor, congestion or hypersensitive airways. Productive cough w/ purulent sputum suggests infection. Hemoptysis (blood, alkaline ph) damage to bronchi, cancer. Inflammation/infection of pleurae, or major airways, or muscle/rib pain associated with the chest wall. Changes in amount and consistency can indicate progress of disease/therapy. Comprises of 4 distinct processes: pulmonary ventilation: air in and out of lungs, external resp. : exchange of gases between blood & alveolar air: transport of gases: blood to transport gases between lung & tissues, internal resp. : exchange of gases between capillaries & tissues. (a and b done by resp. system, c and d done by cardiovascular system)
