BIO211H5 Final: BIO211 Exam Study Notes (includes Term 1-2 content)

139 views25 pages
15 Dec 2016
School
Department
Course
15 - Some History:
Earliest report from Sichuan, known as “dragons”
● Megalosaurus = first valid named dinosaur, found by Buckland
● Iguanodon = first herbivorous dinosaur, found by the Mantells, thumb spike, possibly tree
climber
● Dinosaur = terrible lizard, coined by Richard Owen, no longer dragon
Waterhouse Hawkins then created life-sized models in Crystal Palace, Darwin published his
papers, other dinosaur collectors besides the two below: Sternberg, Brown, Andrews
Bone Wars/GDR: Marsh and Cope started as collaborators but ended as bitter rivals due to
mistake of putting head on tail of plesiosaur (not a dinosaur btw)
Once thought to be cold-blooded, slow and dumb, chunky and tail-dragging
until Deinonychus (Ostrom argued for relationship between ^ and birds)
○ Bakker: endothermic and some may have been feathered
Theropod dinosaurs likely had integumentary filaments (but not “feathers”)
All birds are dinosaurs, not all dinosaurs are birds
Now: most dinosaurs moved with bodies roughly horizontal to ground, bipedal could stand
diagonal or near vertical, quadrupedal species could be semi-erect too
16 - Mesozoic I: Triassic
Marine invertebrates
Stromatolites recover + Sea urchins diversify + Reefs built by modern corals (hexacorals)
Molluscs abundant
Rapid evolution of ammonoids -> index fossils
■ Belemnoids: squid-like relatives of ^ + Bivalves also diversified
Triassic and Jurassic plant life
Tree-forming gymnosperms: cyads and Ginkgos
Mesozoic forests looked very different from modern forests, pollen evidence for
angiosperms (flowering plants), but not a good macrofossil record
Early Mesozoic fishes
Radiation of actinopterygians (ray-fin) in Triassic-Jurassic, slightly more mobile jaws
Teleost fish (Tri) have highly mobile jaws and thin rounded scales, strong tails w/
uroneurals (ossified plate helping to support the tail fin) ~= modern fish
Triassic amphibians
○ Temnospondyls still diverse, but no more lepospondyls or anthracosaurs
Modern amphibians (lissamphibians) did not appear until next period/Jurassic
● “Euryapsids” derived from loss of lower opening in diapsids?
○ Sauropterygians (aquatic reptiles)
■ Placodonts “tablet teeth” shallow water, duophagous (eats hard stuff)
■ Pacypleurosaurs: small and primitive, marine
■ Nothosaurs: thought to be ancestral to plesiosaurs
Marine forefoot-paddlers and pelvic limbs, Pachyostotic (thickened) ribs,
webbed feet, elongated necks
■ Plesiosaurs: fully marine, Tri-Creta
Rowing, “subaqueous flight”, hyperphalangy (finger bones) in paddle-like
limbs, deep bodies, gastroliths (stomach stone) to control buoyancy
○ Ichthyopterygians (also marine reptiles)
Ichthyosaurs and relatives, prim had dorsal fins, increasing speed as they
evolved
Vertebrae: spool -> puck-shaped, reduction of pelvic girdle, streamlined
and deep-bodied, hyperphalangy, hyperdactyly (excessive fingers),
hypocercal tail, viviparity
“Anapsids”: Testudianians = turtles, terrapins, etc. terre, fresh and marine, sister to who?
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 25 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in
Grandfather turtle (pappochelys) had turtle-like features such as expanded ribs (becomes
plastron/shell) shows that turtle ancestors were diapsids, lost hole
● Diapsids
○ Thalattosaurs: aquatic, near-shore, feet NOT paddle, compressed tails, needle-like teeth
Lepidosauromorphs: sphenodontians: -recent includes tuatara and others, NZ
○ Longisquama
“long scales” debatable group
Archosaurs
1. Anterior fenestrae (in front of orbit/eye socket, housed air sinuses)
2. Lateral lower jaw fenestrae for muscle attachments
■ Thecodonts = Ancestors of dinosaurs, crocodiles and other extinct groups
More upright posture than more primitive forms
Phytosaurs (crocodile like) variations in snout, nares/nostrils very posteriorly
placed
■ Rauisuchians = agile predators with (pillar) erect stance (independently derived
from dinosaurs, with ventrally-directed hip socket)
Aetosaurs = herbs w/ heavy dermal armour, index fossils
1st Crocodylomorphs (recent) but modern crocodilian forms evolved later in
Meso
■ Pterosaurs (-Cre), first vertebrates with powered flight (flapping), hollow bones
Primitive: fifth toe, short neck and metacarpal, but long tail
Derived: no fifth toe, long neck and metacarpal, but short tail
Evolutionary trends: reduced dentition and stiff tail (modern birds)
Elongated 4th digit + pteroid bone (supported propatagium/wing
membrane) + actinofibrils (strengthened wings) + pycnofibres (hair-like)
Dinosaurs
Upright posture with laterally-directed hip socket and turned in femur
Reduced 4th and fifth digits
Two major groups: “bird-hipped” and “lizard-hipped”
(true) Mammals (synapsids) evolved from therapsids like reptiles
Have 3 middle ear bones and jaw joint between dentary and squamosal
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 25 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in
○ Diphydonty: 2 sets of teeth, deciduous (milk/baby) and permanent
precise dental occlusion: near perfect fit btw top and bottom
Secondary palate separates nasal and oral cavities
Allow for simultaneous respiration and feeding for high metabolic rate
Metabolism
■ Endothermy: internal reg of body temp
■ Homeothermy: maintenance of constant body temp
■ Tachymetabolism: maintenance of high metabolic rate
Fur helps maintain body temp, earliest evidence from mid Jura
○ Turbinates seen in modern mammals = Thin, delicate bone structures in nasal cavity
(hard to preserve) -> Warm and moisten air can maintain higher breathing rate w/out
drying lungs
Muscular diaphragm assists with respiration; reduced ribcages
More efficient erect locomotion w/ dorsoventral flexion (excld. Monotremes semi-erect)
○ Morganucodontids among earliest mammals
Small, agile insectivores with double jaw joint (dentary-squamosal +
quadrate-articular), heterodonty, diphyodonty, precise occlusion
Palaeogeogrpahy
Pangea began to split up
Triassic mass extinction affected marine and terre, but esp marine
Casualties: conodonts and placodonts, Heavily affected: bivalves, ammonoids,
plesiosaurs, ichtyosaurs, temnospondyls...
Dinosaurs not severely affected
Rifting + volcanism -> increased CO2 -> global warming
17 - Mesozoic II: Jurassic
Teleost fish contd. (advanced actinoptergians/ray-finned fish)
Eels & tarpon: elongated, lost caudal fin, pelvic girdle, ribs and scales
Sarcopterygian fishes (lobe-fin): coelacanths and lungfish still around
1st Lissamphibians/Modern amphibians
Pedicellate teeth: crown and base lies ontop small pedicell (tooth layers); also
bi/multi-cus
○ Caecilians most are fossorial/burrowers, chemoreception thro sensory tentacles
legless, reduced eyes and tails, mouth terminal to subterm, heavily fused skulls
Salamanders, newts, mud puppies some paedomorphic or w/ limb reduc, term mouth
Frogs and toads: short trunks, loss of ribs and tails, hopping, wide flat skulls
Diapsids: champsosaurus (not dinosaur nor crocodile/gharial, sim to phytosaur^)
Dorsal orbits, secondary palate, terminal nares (snorkeling behaviour convergent w/
croc)
Archosaurs: dinosaurs
○ “Bird-hipped” = Ornithischians = pubis bone points posteriorly
Horned, duck-billed, armoured
○ “Lizard-hipped” = Saurischians = pubis anteriorly
Bipedal carni, long-necked, birds
● Ornithischians bird
Thyreophorans “armoured”
■ Stegosaurs: herb, hind longer than fore, small head/brain
almost all had bony dorsal plates + spikes on tail
■ Ankylosaurs: ankylosaurids had clubbed tails, nodosaurids didn’t
Herb, Short powerful limbs + wide back covered with bony armours
○ Ornithopods “duck-billed” (mostly Cret tho)
Unlock document

This preview shows pages 1-3 of the document.
Unlock all 25 pages and 3 million more documents.

Already have an account? Log in

Document Summary

Earliest report from sichuan, known as dragons . Megalosaurus = first valid named dinosaur, found by buckland. Iguanodon = first herbivorous dinosaur, found by the mantells, thumb spike, possibly tree. Dinosaur = terrible lizard, coined by richard owen , no longer dragon. Waterhouse hawkins then created life-sized models in crystal palace, darwin published his. Bone wars/ gdr: marsh and cope started as collaborators but ended as bitter rivals due to. Once thought to be cold-blooded, slow and dumb, chunky and tail-dragging papers, other dinosaur collectors besides the two below: sternberg, brown, andrews mistake of putting head on tail of plesiosaur (not a dinosaur btw) Until deinonychus (ostrom argued for relationship between ^ and birds) Bakker : endothermic and some may have been feathered. Theropod dinosaurs likely had integumentary filaments (but not feathers ) All birds are dinosaurs, not all dinosaurs are birds.

Get access

Grade+20% off
$8 USD/m$10 USD/m
Billed $96 USD annually
Grade+
Homework Help
Study Guides
Textbook Solutions
Class Notes
Textbook Notes
Booster Class
40 Verified Answers

Related textbook solutions