RLG206H5 Study Guide - Final Guide: Golden Light Sutra, Mount Hiei, Jiriki

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20 Oct 2012

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Tantric buddhism is referred to as vajray na (the diamond or thunderbolt. Vehicle)/ aka, mantray na (because of the importance attributed to tantric mantras); although a separate vehicle, it falls into the category of mahayana. Tantra is named after texts called tantras esoteric teachings and practices. Esoteric: secret ritual manuals, only for those that are initiated, not open to everybody exoteric means knowledge that is available to anyone, public. This early tantric tradition in india emphasized the power of ritual, meditative visualization, and esoteric practices to unite males and female energies in a way that is spiritually liberating. This hindu tantric practice felt that if they could harness things like sexual energy, they could use it for religious practices. Believed other unconventional energies such as fear could also be harnessed for religious practice. Prior to the 6th century c. e. , this had become a popular form of hinduism in india; focused on rituals.

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On the Edge: A Traditional Business section on page 23 of the Velasquez textbook

In over 28 countries, mostly north African nations, female circumcisionâor female genital mutilation, as its critics call itâis generally accepted.58 Female circumcision is normally per- formed when a girl is between 7 and 12 years old. It involves cutting the girlâs external genitalia. In most countries, the pro- cedure is done by a female âpractitionerâ who uses a small knife or razor blade but no anesthesia. A young girl will often resist, so several women must hold her down while the practi- tioner works. The women who perform circumcisions charge for their services and see their work as a business. It is esti- mated that in countries where the practice is widely accepted, the annual fees collected by all the businesses that provide circumcision services total tens of millions of dollars.
Mothers in these countries feel they must have their daugh- ters circumcised because otherwise no âgoodâ man will marry them. Many believe that circumcision controls a womanâs sex- ual desires and cleanses her spiritually so that others can eat what she cooks. Although the practice is not mentioned in the Koran, many North African Muslims believe that female circum- cision is required by certain sayings they attribute to Muham- mad, the founder of Islam. However, Muslim scholars dispute both the authenticity and the interpretation of these sayings.
Many Americans and Europeans feel strongly that female genital mutilation is an immoral assault on a helpless and unwilling girl, an assault that provides her no medical benefit, risks serious infection, and permanently deprives her of the ability to feel sexual pleasure. They have pressured foreign governments to outlaw the practice and to crack down on the women who make a business of it because they are violating the human rights of thousands of girls.
Practitioners claim that Westerners who w want to prohibit female circumcision are trying to impose their own morality on others. A Somali practitioner said: âThis is a great offence and a great interference with our lives and our lifestyle. For too long Europeans have come into our countries and told us how to live our lives and how to behave and we believe that is totally unac- ceptable. We will not allow foreigners to tell us how to behave or put our businesses at risk any longer. In order for our daugh- ters to be free they must have this procedure. It is their right as women and our obligation as adults to make them into the best young women we can. Circumcision is a fundamental part of becoming a young woman and we will not deny them that because of some misplaced sense of morality from foreigners.â
Phillip Waites, a doctor and medical analyst for a news service noted, âThe core issue here is whether or not Europe- ans have the right to step into another country and demand that they change their traditions and culture.â Remarking on the many practitioners for whom female circumcision is a busi- ness, he said: âThere arenât a whole lot of jobs in Somalia. There really isnât a whole lot of anything in Somalia frankly, and these women have a specialty that not only garners them a good living but also gives them a certain status in the country that they might not otherwise have.â

Is the business of providing female circumcision services morally wrong? Why?

If a practitioner asks for a small business loan from a Western "micro-finance lender" like www.kiva.org (Links to an external site.) would it be wrong for the lender to refuse?

Would it be wrong for the lender to agree? Explain.

Is it wrong for Westerners to pressure North African governments to prevent practitioners from doing female circumcisions?

Does the case support ethical relativism or does it suggest that there are certain things that are wrong no matter what, or neither of these positions?

Case 6

Although the use of mobile communication devices by motor vehicle drivers is a dangerous practice, studies have shown that up to 80% of motor vehicle accidents in in Bubble Country are caused by this practice. Surveys have shown that even though drivers recognize that this is a dangerous practice, they cannot resist the temptation of using the devices. The surveys also found that individuals who regularly use their mobile devices while driving do not consider fines to be deterrent. The percentage of accidents attributable to driver distraction caused by the use of mobile communication devices has been increasing by 2% per year. A risk assessment has shown that the risk of having an accident for a driver using their mobile devices is 15%. Public opinion research suggests that the public is more concern about this issue than drinking and driving and would like the government to address it. Last year there were 20,000 motor vehicle accidents attributed to driver distraction in Bubble Country because of mobile communication device use.

In order to address the issue, the government of Bubble Country is considering a policy that will force car makers to install remote equipment in all cars to ensure that mobile communication devices cannot be used when driving. Such equipment is already available and it will cost car makers $12 to install such equipment in each car. The policy will also make it illegal to use a mobile communication device while driving and individuals found doing this will be given a fine of $800.

Part I:

Based on what youâve learnt from this course, and your understanding of project evaluation,

A) Describe or summarize what you understand the issue to be (5)

B) What do you think should be the objective and sub-objectives? (5)

C) Do you see a rationale for public sector involvement? Explain (5)

D) Discuss the potential benefits? Be comprehensive (10)

E) Discuss the potential cost? Be comprehensive (10)

F) Are there any external impacts? Explain (5)

G) Identify the stakeholders and describe who are the winners and losers? (10)

Part II:

With the information above and any additional information you can find and your own reasonable assumptions, undertake a rough cost benefit analysis

A) How will you quantify and monetize all your identified (10)

1) Costs

2 ) Benefits

3) What time frame will you use and why?

B) With a spreadsheet estimate (30)

1) The Present Value Cost â Economic

2) The present Value Benefits â Economic

3) Discuss any qualitative costs and benefits

C) With the following criteria, determine whether the project is economically feasible (10)

1) Net Present Value Criteria

2) Benefit Cost Ratio

goldmuskrat784

Epidemiology

Each of the following paragraphs presents a study objective and the methodology that will be used to evaluate the types of epidemiologic study design. State what is the study design for each study? (24 points â 4 each) (Note: For study design, try to have as detailed design as possible and avoid simply âexperimental studyâ or âobservational studyâ)

c) The following abstract was obtained from PubMed (with modification by XLD).

Lishman H, et al. Exploring the relationship between primary care antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections, Escherichia coli bacteraemia incidence and antibiotic resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2018 Aug 23. [Epub ahead of print].

This study aimed to quantify the association between antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections (UTIs) and the incidence/antibiotic susceptibility of UTI-related Escherichia coli bacteraemia in adult women in England. A national study was conducted with data aggregated at the GP practice level. The study population was all adult female patients (18+) with a reported UTI-related E. coli bacteraemia in England (2012-2014). Reports of bacteraemia from the national mandatory surveillance scheme were linked with E. coli blood culture susceptibility data (where available) and the correlation with primary care exposure to trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin was quantified using longitudinal multi-level models. There were 20,274 patients in the study from 5,916 practices. Between 2012-2014, the overall incidence of UTI-related E. coli bacteraemia in the study group did not change significantly (1.3% increase, 95% CI 0.1%-2.7%, p=0.074). However, after adjusting for practice characteristics, UTI-related E. coli bacteraemia incidence increased by 3.0% and 1.5% with each increasing quintile in trimethoprim and nitrofurantoin prescribing, respectively. The incidence of trimethoprim-resistant bacteraemia increased by 4.5% (p=0.032) with each increasing quintile in trimethoprim prescribing and was not associated with nitrofurantoin prescribing. This study demonstrates an association between GP prescribing for UTIs and UTI-related E. coli bacteraemia incidence at the practice level and shows that higher prescribing of trimethoprim is associated with higher incidence of trimethoprim-resistant bacteraemia. Evidence is provided of the importance of prudent antibiotic prescribing in primary care to prevent the development of antibiotic resistance which can put patients at risk of subsequent severe infections.

Study Design: ___________________________

d. The following abstract was obtained from PubMed (with modification by XLD).

Mubarak MY, et al. Hygienic practices and diarrheal illness among persons living in at-risk settings in Kabul, Afghanistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2016 Aug 31;16(1):459.

BACKGROUND: Sustained civil and military conflict, resulting in large numbers of internally displaced persons (IDP), in combination with rapid urbanization has strained public health and sanitation within cities in Afghanistan. In order to examine the association between preventive sanitary behaviors and diarrhea within two high risk settings located within Kabul, Afghanistan, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of hygienic practices and diarrheal illness in an IDP camp and an urban slum.

METHODS: In this study, a convenience sample of residents of an IDP camp and an urban slum in Kabul, Afghanistan, was used. Participants were asked to describe their hygienic practices and interviewers independently documented household sanitation. The knowledge and attitudes about and practice of hygienic activities to prevent diarrhea were compared between the two settings.

RESULTS: Two hundred participants, 100 from each setting, were enrolled. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding hygienic activities to prevent diarrhea were greater among the slum dwellers than the IDP. Fewer than half of participants washed their hands with soap before eating or after eating: 31 % of slum dwellers washed before eating compared to 11 % of IDPs (Pâ=â0.0050), and 25 % of slum dwellers washed after defecating compared to 4 % of IDPs (Pâ=â0.0020). The IDPs were more likely to share a latrine (Pâ=â0.0144) and less likely to disinfect their latrine than slum dwellers. Diarrhea in the household within the past 3 months was more common in the IDP camp (54 %) than the slum (20 %) (Pâ=â0.0020).

CONCLUSIONS: Even though certain sanitary and hygienic practices were more common among slum dwellers than IDPs, the lack of hygienic activities in both setting indicates that interventions to change behavior, like increasing the availability of soap and encouraging hand washing, are needed. Any initiative will have to be developed in the context of pervasive illiteracy among persons in these settings.

Study Design: ___________________________

RLG206H5 Study Guide - Final Guide: Golden Light Sutra, Mount Hiei, Jiriki

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