BIOA01H3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Ionic Bonding, Chemical Polarity, Protein Structure

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BIOA01H3 Full Course Notes

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1. complexity with precise spatial organization: ability to respond to the environment (take cues from their environment and undergo major changes in physiology and gene expression, reproduction, evolve (genetics can change over time) Earth evolved in a highly reduced condition, living could have evolved from non-living but in this world today, no living entity can evolve from non-living, Back then there was no free oxygen, therefore chemical synthesis was used to make biological molecules. All living entities must follow rules of thermodynamics and biological systems must obey 2 laws of thermodynamics: It is transformed from one form to another. Therefore, the total energy of the universe is constant. Within the universe degree of disorder increases, energy is required to create order. So, the system then generates and releases heat which creates a disorder. Cells vary in size, and shape and they are the simplest self-replicating entity that can exist as an independent unit of life.

Related Questions

As entropy increases there will be more useful energy to doâworkâ. True or false?

False. As entropy increases, there will generally be less usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. Imagine a car motor, which attempts toturn chemical potential energy into kinetic energy (movement). Lessefficient motors will get hotter for the same amount of fuelconsumed. When you drive a car you hope that most of the fuelenergy is converted into kinetic energy and not lost as heat(entropy). The hotter the car (and thus the more entropy) the lessefficient the ability to do âworkâ (the moving of the vehicle).

True. As entropy increases, there will generally be more usefulenergy to do work. We can think of entropy as usually being presentin the form of heat energy. In most biological and mechanicalsystems it is heat energy which is captured to do useful 'work'.Heat energy, the random movement of molecules, and increases inentropy are central to doing useful work.

Biological systems sometimes appear on the surface to break theSecond Law of Thermodynamics â by seemingly increasing the order inthe overall system. They donât. Why?

a. Earth (and living things on it) are not a closed system. Thesun's constant input of energy in the form of photons is harnessedby living things to create internal order within themselves. Butwithout such a constant input of energy, most biological systems onearth would break down.

b. The Second Law tells us that no natural process can occurunless it is also associated with an increase in the entropy of theuniverse. A living organism (such as an animal or plant) brings inmatter and energy from its environment and uses this to creategreater order within its body: the processes of life. But it isimportant to keep in mind that all animals and plants are also partof a larger system of the environment around them. While creating asmall âpocketâ of order, the processes of life (metabolism,movement, etc..) releases heat into the environment â thusincreasing the entropy of the universe and following the2^nd law.

c. Living things, by harnessing energy to create order (withinand around themselves) actually create a paradox in questionssurrounding the first and second laws of thermodynamics andseemingly violate many previously held assumptions.

d. Both a and b above are correct.

When plants capture energy in the photons of sunlight andconvert that energy into the chemical bonds of organic molecules,are they creating new energy?

No, the energy is being transferred from one form into another.But no new energy is being created.

No, the overall total energy is decreasing over time.

Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating newenergy.

Yes, by capturing photons, the plants are creating new energy -of a different wavelength.

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BIOA01H3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Ionic Bonding, Chemical Polarity, Protein Structure

BIOA01H3 Full Course Notes

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