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BIOB11H3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Centromere, Eze, Transposable Element

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greymouse967
26 Jan 2017
School
UTSC
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOB11H3
Professor
Dan Riggs

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Document Summary

Relatively slow and usually involve single base changes. Selection stabilizes the mutation: unequal crossing over. Divergence of function driven by mutation / selection. Chromosomal inversions, indels, translocations indel = insertion & deletion. Generally occurs during meiosis (formation of gametes in mammals wherein sperm & egg are produced) Normally, alignment of homologous chromosomes (one pair from father, one from mother) occurs precisely. Reciprocal genetic exchange generates complete sets of chromosomes. Unequal crossing over leads to one of the chromosomes having a duplicated segment (c), and another chromosome lacks a segment (c) Duplication (create gene family) and deletion (often lethal) Globin: protein of hemoglobin, an o2 carrier in blood. Mutations in promotors & coding regions result in different expression patterns of family members, with some slight differences in o2 carrying capacity. Adult stage end with 99% alpha & beta-globin gene. Insertion: foreign dna (viral/transposon) is integrated, usually random. E(cid:454)a(cid:373)ple of a(cid:374) i(cid:374)sertio(cid:374)al (cid:373)utatio(cid:374): me(cid:374)del(cid:859)s (cid:449)ri(cid:374)kled peas.

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Related Questions

1. Chromosome morphology types include

: A. telocentric, in which the telomere is near one end of thechromosome. B. metacentric, in which the centromere is near one endof the chromosome. C. paracentric, in which the telomere issomewhat off center. D. telocentric, in which the centromere isnear one end of the chromosome. E. None of the above.

2. A karyotype is

: A. the set of chromosomes of an individual. B. 23 pairs. C. 46chromosomes. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

3. Mutations that affect chromosome structure include all of thefollowing EXCEPT

: A. duplication. B. deletion. C. inversion. D. translation. E.Actually, all of these are mutations that affect chromosomestructure.

4.Duplications can have all of the following effects EXCEPT

: A. providing material for genetic variation and innovation. B.looping out of chromosomes during meiosis. C. novel phenotypes dueto dosage variation. D. suppression of crossing over. E. Actually,all of these can be effects of duplications.

5. Inversions:

A. include paracentric inversions, which include the centromere.B. include pericentric inversions, which do not include thecentromere. C. suppress crossing over in the inverted areas. D.usually lead to dicentric bridges. E. All of the above.

6. Translocations:

A. include reciprocal translocations, in which exchange ofchromosomal parts occurs. B. include nonreciprocal translocations,in which one chromosome donates material to another. C. suppresscrossing over in the case of reciprocal exchanges. D. can involveloss of material, as in Robertsonian translocations. E. All of theabove.

7. Unequal crossing over often leads to

: A. duplications. B. deletions. C. translocations. D. A and B.E. All of the above.

8. Aneuploidy includes all of the following EXCEPT:

A. nullisomy. B. monosomy. C. trisomy. D. tetrasomy. E.Actually, all of these are forms of anueploidy.

9. While anueploidy is a change in the number of chromosomes,polyploidy is:

A. a change in the number of sets of chromosomes. B. a change inthe structure of the chromosomes. C. an increase in the rate ofrecombination. D. an increase in the rate of mutation. E. None ofthe above.

10. Polyploidy includes:

A. autopolyploidy, which doubles the chromosome set as a resultof mitotic failure. B. autopolyploidy, which doubles the chromosomeset as a result of meiotic failure. C. allopolyploidy, whichdoubles the chromosome set as a result of meiotic failure. D. A andB. E. All of the above.