BIOA02H3 : Lec18 - Respiratory Systems.doc

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22 Apr 2012

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BIOA02H3 Full Course Notes

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2 partial pressure of gases: norm, normal levels, oxia oxygen, capnia carbon dioxide, hypo, decreased levels. Hypoxaemia: decrease in blood (arterial) o2, hyper, increased levels. Lungs for air breathing: internal, gills for water breathing, external, internal, active vs passive ventilation (gills, active. Moving around in water: tidal / unidirectional / non-directional ventilation, tidal. Move air in and out through same passage (like tides of the ocean: unidirectional. Bird lung: different from mammals / amphibians / reptiles, non-directional. External gills passive ventilation in water: diffusion lungs, not going to talking about this in detail, can be seen in spiders, bimodal breathers (water/air; lungs/gills/skin, some breathe both water and air; having multiple respiratory structures. 5 external gills: stick out from animal, gas exchange across gills / tentacles, oxygen diffuses across gills into blood, gills are exposed to the bulk water and can be moved around (active ventilation)

Related Questions

12. Passive expiration is preceded by the:

a. recoil of the lungs

b. contraction of the internal intercostals muscles.

c. contraction of the diaphragm.

d. increase in atmospheric pressure.

e. increase in CO₂ in the blood

14. Type I alveolar cells:

a. secrete surfactant.

b. are squamous epithelial cells.

c. are macrophages.

d. function mainly in the diffusion of gases.

e. Both B and D.

15. Which of the following structures is NOT a part of the respiratory system?

a. external nares

b. uvula

c. epiglottis

d. choanae

e. mouth

19. Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the respiratory system?

a. Regulation of acid-base balance

b. Production of sound

c. Filtering inspired air

d. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissue cells

e. Intake of oxygen and elimination of carbon dioxide

20. Breathing is more difficult in higher altitudes because the

a. air weighs less

b. partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is lower

c. partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide is higher

d. partial pressure of atmospheric nitrogen is lower

e. partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen is higher

27. During expiration a decrease in thoracic cavity size causes a (an) in pressure thus causing the lungs to recoil resulting in a (an) in pressure respectively.

a. decrease intraplueral; decrease intrapulmonary

b. decrease intraplueral; increase intrapulmonary

c. increase intraplueral; decrease intrapulmonary

d. decrease intrapulmonary; increase intraplueral

e. increase intrapleural ; increase intrapulmonary

66. During _____________ ______________, oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves the blood, and enters the alveoli.

68. Hemoglobin buffers the pH of the cytosol of RBC by combining with ______ions

Which of the following is correct?

Question 8 options:

A)	The partial pressure of oxygen in systemic venous blood is normally 40 mm Hg.

B)	The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic venous blood is normally 40 mm Hg.

C)	The partial pressure of oxygen is normally lower in the alveoli than in systemic arterial blood.

D)	The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is normally higher in the alveoli than in systemic arterial blood.

E)	The partial pressures of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and pulmonary arterial blood are the same.

fill the blanks with the terms given

Terms: 0.21, 21, 78, 760, altitude, blood, Boyle's, Dalton's,decimal, decreased, diaphragm, directly, external intercostal,Henry's, into, inverse, lowers, out of, oxygen, parasternal,partial, percent concentration, pressure, solubility, temperature,total, volume

_________ law states that there is a/an ________ relationshipbetween [listed alphabetically] the _________ of a gas and the___________ of the gas. That is, an increase in one of the factorsis associated with a decrease in the other factor and vice versa.Thoracic cavity size determines the volume of the air in the lungs.Thus, this law is fundamental to explaining why an increase in thethoracic cavity size due to expansion of the rib cage in thehorizontal [front-to-back and side-to-side] directions viacontraction of the ___________ and _________ muscles, (listedalphabetically) and vertical [up-and-down] direction viacontraction of the ___________ causes a resultant decrease inintrapulmonary pressure, creating a pressure gradient that drivesair _____________ the lungs. Conversely, it explains why when thesize of the thoracic cavity is _________ by relaxing the musclesused during inspiration, the pressure of the gas in the lungsincreases, exceeding atmospheric pressure, creating a pressuregradient that then forces air _________ the lungs ________ lawstates that the _______ pressure of a mixed gas is equal to the sumof the ___________ pressures exerted by each of the individualgasses in the mix, which are exerted independent of one another.This law is important to pulmonary physiology because theatmospheric air we breath is a mixed gas that contains roughly__________% nitrogen and _______% oxygen. Moreover, according toHenry's law, it is the partial pressure of the oxygen in the air webreath that is the main determinant of how much of the air's oxygenwe can drive into our blood and make available to the body. A gas'spartial pressure can be calculated by multiplying the totalpressure of the mixed gas by the gas's ____________ in the mixedgas. Thus, the partial pressure of oxygen, at sea level isdetermined by multiplying total atmospheric pressure at sea level -which equals ___________ millimeters of mercury (denoted mm Hg) by________ - oxygen's percent concentration in atmospheric air,expressed as a ____________. ________ law actually states that theamount of gas we can drive into solution is _________ dependentupon 3 factors. These 3 factors are 1) the solubility of theparticular liquid for the particular gas you are considering, 2)the temperature (more gas can be driven into liquids at lowertemperatures than at higher temperatures) and 3) the partialpressure of the gas under consideration. In the body, theparticular gas we are interested in driving into a fluid is__________ and the particular fluid we are interested in drivingthe gas into is our ___________. Because blood has a particularsolubility for oxygen - and this is constant, and because thehomeostatic mechanisms in the body keep body temperature relativelyconstant, this means the single most important factor thatdetermines how much oxygen can be driven in to our blood is thepartial pressure of the oxygen in the air we breath. At sea level -the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air = 760 x 0.21 =159 mm Hg. However, if one climbs to the peak of Mt. Everest, wherethe air is still a mixed gas that contains only ~21% oxygen, butthe air there is 'thinner' i.e. there is just less of it up there,the total pressure of the gas drops to about 250 mm Hg, whichsignificantly __________ the the partial pressure of oxygen and theamount of air that can be forced into the blood at that altitude.Thus this gas law explains why many individuals initiallyexperience ____________ sickness when they vacation in the Rockiesor the Swiss Alps but normally live at much lower elevations.

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BIOA02H3 : Lec18 - Respiratory Systems.doc

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