BIOC32H3 : Renal Physiology summary

84 views6 pages

blackrabbit616

7 Mar 2011

School

Department

Course

Professor

For unlimited access to Study Guides, a Grade+ subscription is required.

Document Summary

The kidneys are located just above the pelvis on either side of the body. Each kidney is connected to the bladder by a ureter. The kidney receives blood from the renal artery while the renal vein carries blood from the kidneys back to the heart. In cross section you see that the kidney is composed of an outer region called the renal cortex and an inner region called the renal medulla. Furthermore, the kidney consists of repeating segments called renal pyramids. Within each renal pyramid there are numerous nephrons (the functional unit of the kidney). Fluid (urine) from the collecting ducts of nephrons within any given renal pyramid drains into a minor calyx. The urine then flows into the central region of the kidney (the renal pelvis) before entering the ureter which drains urine from the kidney to the bladder. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron.

Related Questions

. The kidneys contain millions of _________, which are the smallest functional units of the kidneys since each one can make urine from blood.

2. There are 3 stages in urine formation. The first stage is called____________; during this stage, blood pressure pushes water and small solutes out of a ball of capillaries called the __________ into the first part of the renal tubule called the _________ _________.

3. The second stage of urine formation is called _________. Cells lining the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) have special projections called _________ which increase their surface area, thus enabling the PCTs to transport about 70% of filtrate back into blood.

4. When a person is dehydrated, their blood volume and blood pressure are too low. Two hormones reduce the loss of sodium and water from the body during dehydration by concentrating urine to prevent further water loss. The first hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex and is called __________; this hormone stimulates sodium retention by nephrons. The second hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland and is called _________; this hormone cause water retention by nephrons.

5. ___________is the waste product of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis). This waste product must be eliminated from the body because it becomes toxic at high levels. This waste product combines with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which is then converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+). Hydrogen ions lower blood pH, causing it to become too acidic. Kidneys are able to sense high H+ levels in blood and actively transport hydrogen ions (and other toxic blood borne chemicals) from blood into urine during ___________, the third stage of urine formation.

6. Urine and blood differ in composition. In a healthy person, blood contains _________ , __________, and _________ but urine DOES NOT these materials.

7. Urine moves from the kidneys down the ureters into the bladder due to __________, a form of motility wherein _________ muscle tissue in the ureteral walls undergoes rhythmic waves of contractions.

8. The kidneys are located in the ___________ cavity; ureters conduct urine to the urinary bladder which is located in the pelvic cavity behind the symphysis joint of the _________ bones.

9. The three major systems which participate in the excretion of cellular wastes from blood include: the __________ system which eliminates urea and excess electrolytes like sodium; the ___________ system which eliminates water and salt; and the ____________ system, which eliminates carbon dioxide.

10. When the bladder is full, the _____________ reflex is initiated. During this reflex, the bladder walls contract and the ________ ________ sphincter, a circular structure made of _______ ______tissue, relaxes. Upon sensing an urge to urinate, a person can consciously contract their _______ _______ sphincter, a circular structure made of ________ ________ tissue - this stops the flow of urine out of the bladder and into the urethra until the time is convenient to urinate.

REFERENCE CITATIONS: _______________________________

amaranthantelope72

label the diagram of the kidney and nephron below.

Write a short note on the kidneys.

coppertrout725

1) A drop of urine would follow this path

a) renal pyramid/major calyx/minor calyx/renal pelvis/ureter

b) minor calyx/major calyx/renal pyramid/renal pelvis/ureter

c) renal pelvis/minor calyx/major calyx/renal pyramid/ureter

d) renal pyramid/minor calyx/major calyx/renal pelvis/ureter

2) The production of filtrate starts at

a) Loop of Henle

b) capsular space

c) distal convoluted tubule

d) proximal convoluted tubule

3) Major reabsorption of water happens by ____at the _____

a) contransport, distal convoluted tubules

b) Cl- shift, nephron loop

c) countercurrent, nephron loop

d) countercurrent, ureter

4) Angiotensin II causes production of ____to increase Na + reabsorption in the _________

a) renin; collecting duct

b) aldosterone; PCT

c) ADH; nephron loop

d) aldosterone; collecting duct

5) Most of the reabsorbed compounds from the filtrate end up in the

a) peritubular capillary

b) urine

c) nephron loop

d) DCT

6) Reabsorption of urea happens by

a) transcellular movement

b) by paracellular movement

c) by cotransport with glucose

d) by HCO3- movement

7) Transport Maximum, in urinary system terms, refers to

a) proteins performing âtransportâ out of the filtrate at maximum rate

b) the reason why a diabetic produces large volumes of diluted urine

c) excess filtrate components being urinated out of the body

d) All choices are correct

8) Urine does not drop below pH 4.5 because

a) proteins that move H+ into filtrate stop working when too much H+ builds up in filtrate

b) proteins in urine neutralize acid

c) H+ are always buffered

d) the buffering system in urine does not run out

9) Hyperkalemia will

a) activate adrenal cells to secrete aldosterone

b) can stop the heart

c) No choices are correct

d) cause reduced excitability of neurons

e) All choices are correct

amaranthgnu452

BIOC32H3 : Renal Physiology summary

Document Summary

Get access

Related Questions