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HLTB21H3 Study Guide - Pus

54 views31 pages
plumoyster166
28 Apr 2011
School
UTSC
Department
Health Studies
Course
HLTB21H3
Professor
Caroline Barakat

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Document Summary

Aspiration of bacteria in aerosolized water from either cooling towers or evaporative condensers. Disease history (from the first case to the spread as an epidemic/pandemic, etc. ) First person to contract the disease: in 1976 peter. Legionnaire"s convention in philadelphia, spent a lot of time in the air conditioned lobby. Through the ac system, the bacterium spread and infected 221 legionnaires, Present day: 11, 000 documented cases annually in us, with an estimate of actually. Fever, chills, headac he, muscle aches, dry cough, chest pains, shortne ss of breath, vomitin g, diarrhe a, lungs filled with fluid and pus, confusi on, disorie ntation, hallucin ations, www. notesolution. com. Tss case, a ta at ucla felt ill a day after her 24th b-day. The disease is linked to use of super absorbent tampons with carboxylmethyl cellulose with polyester foam. Caused fear of diseases and being affected. loss of memor y.

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Related Questions

Basic bacterialforms/shapes

Name of an exampleorganism of that form

Disease caused by thatorganism

Example: rod-shaped(bacilli)

Legionellapneumophila

Legionnaire

During the golden age of antibiotic discovery, many new antibiotics were isolated from the soil. Recent studies have found that soil bacteria are naturally resistant to most antibotics. Some of the soil bacteria may even use antibiotics as a nutrient source. Antibiotics must kill a broad spectrum of bacteria while being absorbed harmlessly by the body. Most antibiotics were developed based on Ehrlich "magic bullet" paradigm which is suited to testing antibiotic efficacy in a lab. However, infections are more complex than a pure culture on media in a petri plate. Antibiotic resistance conjures up the pre-antibiotic era of medicine in the early 20th century. The emergence of a plasmid mediated resistance to carbopenems, a last-line drug against a variety of bacteria was alarming to public health workers. Antibiotics may cause collateral damage like a C. diff infection that leads to colitis.

5. Why is a bacterial infection that involves a biofilm harder to control with antibiotics than an infection which does not involve a biofilm?

6. Explain how taking antibiotics would cause the bacteria Clostridium difficle, which is part of the healthy colon microbiome, to become pathogenic?

7. How do bacteria resist antibiotics?

Bacteria also develop resistance to biocides. Traditional cleaning methods for equipment may have limitations. For example, patients who recieve a bed used by a prior patient with a bacterial infection are at an increased risk for being colonized and infected by that same bacteria. In addition, bacteria in a healthcare setting are exposed to disinfection which selects for the resistant members of that bacterial population. No-touch methods of disinfection, i.e. uv light or hydrogen peroxide vapor, of equipment may be an improvement. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29214175# (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..

8. Are biofilms a concern when disinfecting equipment? Why?

During the Flint, MI water crises as levels of chlorine fell in the drinking water cases of Legionnaires' disease increased. Legionnaires' disease is a water borne infectious disease caused by Legionella. One study reported that for every drop in cholorine concentration of mg/L of river water the odds of a reported case of Legionnaire's disease increased by 80%, thus establishing not causation but association. Some argued that Legionella is tolerant of chlorine, espceillay when it grows in biofilms and that the temperature difference between lake and river water accounts for the increase in Legionella infections. The recommended level of chlorine to treat water for drinking is 0.2-0.5 mg/L.

doi:10.1126/science.aat2210 Was Flint’s deadly Legionnaires’ epidemic caused by low chlorine levels in the water supply? David Shult (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.z

Was Flint’s deadly Legionnaires’ epidemic caused by low chlorine levels in the water supply?

9. What effect would increasing the concentration of chlorine to 1.4 mg/L have had on the people who drink Flint water?

10. What happens to the water pipes when chlorine levels are increased to control bacteria? Could these uninteded consequences increase bacterial growth?

Chagas disease transmission can occur in many cases without being directly bitten by a kissing bug. How does inadvertent contact, cultural practices, and the transmission of parasites in the blood can cause Chagas disease? Which of these non-vector forms of transmission were directly targeted in control and prevention campaigns by INCOSUR and what measures did they take?