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Single case experimental designs not the same as case study. You can replicate with different individuals but do not group your findings. Uses a time series design; individual is measured over time (baseline control period) Manipulation is treatment administered (treatment period) and any change can be attributed to manipulation. However we must acknowledge that can be due to alternate explanation. If manipulation did occur, reversing it and withdrawing treatment should bring it back down. Can also do abab or ababab because 1. More powerful evidence that change not due to something else and 2. Used when taking away treatment is unethical for example an alcholic. Instead you will show manipulation: across subjects (different times among the same subjects, across behavour (during socializing and during grooming, across situations (at home and at work) Program evaluation: research done to show effectiveness of programs. 5 types of evaluation: need assessment, program theory, process evaluation, outcome evaluation, efficiency assessment.