RLGA02H3 Study Guide - Final Guide: Midrash, Torah, Shahada

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whiteduck976

30 Jan 2011

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The deportation of jewish leadership from jerusalem to. Mesopotamia by the conquering babylonians in 586 bce. A rupture of local israelite political, ritual, and agricultural institutions, it marks the transitions from israelite religion to judaism. A designation of food as ritually acceptable, implying that all rabbinic regulations regarding animal slaughter and the like have been observed in its preparation. The first five books of the hebrew bible, ascribed by tradition to moses, but regarded by modern scholarship as the result of several centuries of later literary activity. The three part hebrew scriptural collection composed of. Torah or law , nebi"im or prophets and ketuvim or sacred writings and named as an acronym of these three terms. those of the mediterranean. Initiation of a thirteen year old boy into adult ritual responsibilities in the synagogue service. Some branches of judaism parallel it with a bat mitzvah for girls. The jews of the pre-modern mediterranean and middle.

Related Questions

1. Which of the following is an example of the source function of the environment?

A. Trees absorb some of the carbon dioxide emitted by human activity

B. Wetlands reduce the pollution levels in water

C. Winds carry air pollution away from a city

D. Humans harvest fish from the oceans

E. Bacteria break down discarded wastes

2. What is the primary external input into the broader ecological circular flow model?

A. Pollution

B. Solar energy

C. Fossil fuels

D. Geophysical cycles

E. Factors of production

3. What is the key reason that Malthusian predictions have not come true so far?

A. Increasing productivity per capita

B. Increasing population

C. Increasing natural capital

D. Increasing population density

E. Definition of property rights

4. Which one of the following statements is true regarding the rate of global population growth over the last 40 years?

A. Population has grown at a faster rate than agricultural production and energy use

B. Population has grown faster than energy use but not agricultural production

C. Population has grown faster than agricultural production but not energy use

D. Population, energy use, and agricultural production have all grown at about the same rate

E. Population has grown at a slower rate than agricultural production and energy use

5. Which one of the following is not a possible way to internalize externalities?

A. Eliminate government intervention

B. Raise taxes

C. Create subsidies

D. Create a system of tradable permits

E. Create new regulations

6. The efficient price of a license fee is determined by the difference between ...

A. Marginal revenue and marginal cost

B. Average revenue and marginal cost

C. Total revenue and total cost

D. Average revenue and total cost

E. Total revenue and marginal cost

7. Valuing environmental services based on estimating the value of different characteristics of market goods is called ...

A. Travel cost method

B. Contingent valuation

C. Hedonic pricing

D. Production function valuation

E. Avoided cost valuation

8. Which one of the following statements about national accounting is false?

A. Gross National Product does not account for natural capital depreciation

B. Net investment is gross investment minus depreciation

C. Capital depreciation accounts for wearing-out of human-made capital over time

D. A negative net investment implies a decline in national wealth

E. Net National Product does not account for capital depreciation

9. User costs will be incorporated into a market if ...

A. Interest rates are positive

B. Discount rates are zero

C. Resource owners foresee future shortages

D. Government intervention is eliminated

E. Discount rates are positive

10. Hotellingâs rule states that...

A. The net price of a resource is constant

B. The net price of a resource rises at a rate equal to the interest rate

C. The net price of a resource declines at a rate equal to the interest rate

D. The price of a resource depends on the allocation of property rights

E. The price of a resource is efficient as long as all user costs are internalized

11. Transferable permits are likely to result in less inefficiency, relative to a pollution tax, when...

A. The marginal costs of damage are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable

B. The marginal costs of damage are steep and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are steep

C. The marginal costs of damage are relatively stable and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are relatively stable

D. The marginal costs of damage are relatively stable and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are steep

E. The marginal costs of damage are elastic and the marginal costs of pollution reduction are also elastic

12. Which one of the following statements is false regarding a transferable pollution permit system?

A. Each firm will operate in an economically efficient manner

B. Total pollution levels in a region can be set by the government

C. The price of a permit will vary with changes in technology

D. The system is preferable to a pollution tax in all situations

E. Social benefits can be maximized

13. If a large percentage of people in a country are young, this is a sign that ...

A. The country has significant population momentum

B. The country is in the first stage of the demographic transition

C. The countryâs population will shortly stabilize

D. The countryâs population is declining

E. The country is in the last stage of the demographic transition

14. Which one of the following statements about the demographic transition theory is false?

A. Population levels are relatively stable in the first and last stages of the demographic transition

B. The demographic transition theory states that death rates will decrease before birth rates decrease

C. Many industrial countries have entered the third or fourth stage of the demographic transition

D. The demographic transition process has occurred at very different rates in different parts of the world

E. The demographic transition theory suggests that continued exponential population growth is possible with constant economic growth

15. Which one of the following policies would not reduce water use?

A. Full marginal-cost pricing

B. Microirrigation technology

C. Reusing wastewater for industrial uses

D. Subsidizing irrigation systems

E. Removing water subsidies

16. Which one of the following statements is false?

A. Carbon dioxide is a stock pollutant

B. Without the natural greenhouse effect, life could exist on earth

C. The atmosphere is an example of a global commons

D. Global carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere have increased since the Industrial Revolution

E. Global climate change results from ozone layer depletion

17. Which one of the following statements regarding carbon taxes is false?

A. Carbon taxes would have the most impact on coal prices

B. Carbon taxes would reduce negative environmental externalities

C. Carbon taxes would not set the exact level of carbon emissions

D. The effect of a carbon tax depends on the elasticity of demand for fossil fuels

E. A revenue-neutral carbon tax implies an increase in income taxes and/or other taxes

18. The elasticity of demand for carbon-based fuel sources is ...

A. Low in the short term but higher in the long term

B. High in the short term but lower in the long term

C. High in both the long and short term

D. Low in both the long and short term

E. Zero in the short term and positive in the long term

19. Which one of the following statements is false?

A. The World Bank currently screens all projects for potential environmental impacts.

B. World Bank loans are often coupled with grants from other organizations

C. World Bank funding for environmental projects has steadily increased since 1994

D. World Bank projects include both a âbrownâ and a âgreenâ agenda

E. World Bank loans must eventually be repaid

20. Which one of the following statements is true?

A. Strong sustainability assumes that most resources can be substituted for one another

B. Strong sustainability is easier to achieve that weak sustainability

C. Instituting strong sustainability would require extensive government intervention in markets

D. Strong sustainability is supported by traditional economic theory

E. Strong sustainability dictates that no non-renewable resources be used

apricotcoyote943

Please read the article below and answer this question:

a) The article calls for public policy initiatives to address animal welfare and environmental concerns associated with dairy farming in Australia. With reference to economic concepts covered in this course, explain why the government might want to intervene in the dairy market.

View partners of The Conversation The Australian dairy farming industry are in a state of crisis. Cheap dairy products and fluctuations in both the domestic and global markets have taken a financial toll on farmers. Consumers have rallied to help struggling dairy producers. But this is only half the problem. The true cost of dairy is also paid by dairy cows and the environment. Welfare problems Despite the idyllic image of outdoor farming, several industry practices negatively affect dairy cows. To meet production demands, dairy cows are subject to a continuous cycle of impregnation, induced calving, and milking. Tail-docking and horn removal are routinely performed without pain relief. Lameness is another major animal welfare problem, often the result of environmental pressures, such as tracks, herd size, and handling. The average lifespan of a dairy cow is six to seven years, whereas generally, cows can live for 20 to 25 years. One of the most controversial issues is young bobby calves. A bobby calf is a newborn calf, less than 30 days old, who has been purposely separated from its mother. Immediately after separation, the cow and calf call out and search for each other. Most bobby calves are slaughtered within the first week of their life. Handling and transport pose added problems for young calves who have not developed herding behaviors, are vulnerable to stress, and are forced to go without their mother's milk. Each year, 450,000 bobby calves are slaughtered. Dairy farmers are being milked dry, but let's remember the real cost of milk May 25, 2016, 6.11 am AEST The dairy industry faces a number of welfare and environmental issues. Cow image from www.shutterstock.com Advocacy groups frequently uncover the routine abuse of bobby calves in Australian abattoirs and challenge the dairy industry to do something about it. Yet aside from the wider ethical questions over the use and exploitation of animals, farmers are not legally doing anything wrong. This is because the treatment of animals operates in a legal context where animals are considered absolute property. What's more, farm animals are exempt from the provisions of anti-cruelty legislation. Codes of practice are practically useless because they promote low welfare standards and are unenforceable. The environmental impact As well as systematic welfare problems, livestock farming is, both directly and indirectly, one of the most ecologically harmful human activities. The Australian livestock sector is worth A$17 billion and dairy cattle farming is a A$4.2 billion industry. In Australia, livestock farming accounts for 10% to 16% of greenhouse gas emissions, with dairy farms contributing 19% of this or 3% of total emissions. Methane emissions, from digestion and manure, and nitrous oxide from livestock are significant contributors. Globally, the livestock sector is responsible for more greenhouse gases than the world's transport. Livestock production accounts for 70% of all agricultural land, including the land used to grow crops to feed these animals. Animal agriculture is a key factor in land degradation, deforestation, water stress, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Livestock farming will also be affected by climate change, particularly changes in temperature and water. The quantity and quality of pasture and forage crops will also be affected. Diseases may increase due to fluctuating weather and climate. Emissions can be reduced Just as the energy sector is attempting to transition to low-carbon energy sources to tackle climate change, the agricultural sector needs to transition to an ethical and sustainable alternative. From the current crisis, there are several opportunities for farmers to seize. Large transitions are possible in land use, production, output, and profitability. Places such as Gippsland in Victoria, which currently produces 19% of Australia's dairy, have the opportunity for agricultural development based on apples and brassicas, such as broccoli, kale, cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, and mustard. Some of these crops are already popular in the region. As a result of climate change and increasing temperatures, some areas will be more suitable than others. While still in the stages of research, perennial grain crops that store more carbon, maintain better soil and water quality, and manage nutrients better than annuals have the potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture. New land uses could also include carbon plantings, biofuels, and bioenergy crops. Investing in further research for alternatives to livestock farming is needed. Some have argued that livestock emissions can be technically mitigated by modifying animal feed, better managing pastures, carbon sequestration, and manure storage. Welfare issues remain But technical mitigation does not address the endemic animal welfare problems in the livestock industry. Consumer demand is one of the most powerful strategies to combat animal welfare and environmental problems. Research shows that we must reduce food waste and losses in the supply chain and change our diets toward less resource-intensive diets, such as plant-based diets. Doing so would cut emissions by two-thirds and save lives. It's possible to eliminate animal suffering and reduce carbon emissions by reducing and replacing livestock production and consumption. Alternatives to dairy milk include soy and almond milk. Soy milk is nutritionally comparable to dairy milk and has a significantly smaller environmental footprint. Policy initiatives also need to address these issues. The Food and Agriculture Organization's Livestock's Long Shadow report recommends a policy approach that correctly prices natural resources to reflect the full environmental costs and to end damaging subsidies. In the interim, higher taxes on meat and other livestock products will be necessary to improve public health and combat climate change. Denmark, for instance, is considering proposals to raise the tax on meat after its ethics council concluded that climate change is an ethical problem. Governments everywhere need to have a transitional plan for livestock producers and workers - one that helps to cultivate the ethical and sustainable agricultural endeavors of the future.

amethystlouse173

Please read the article below and answer the following question, use economic analysis to answer the question. In your answer, ensure that you use relevant economic theories, concepts, and/or diagrams.

C) What other public policy initiatives apart from a tax on dairy products can the government employ to address animal welfare and environmental concerns? Discuss the pros and cons of these.

The Australian dairy farming industry is in a state of crisis. Cheap dairy products and fluctuations in both the domestic and global markets have taken a financial toll on farmers. Consumers have rallied to help struggling dairy producers. But this is only half the problem. The true cost of dairy is also paid by dairy cows and the environment. Welfare problems Despite the idyllic image of outdoor farming, several industry practices negatively affect dairy cows. To meet production demands, dairy cows are subject to a continuous cycle of impregnation, induced calving, and milking. Tail-docking and horn removal are routinely performed without pain relief. Lameness is another major animal welfare problem, often the result of environmental pressures, such as tracks, herd size, and handling. The average lifespan of a dairy cow is six to seven years, whereas generally, cows can live for 20 to 25 years. One of the most controversial issues is young bobby calves. A bobby calf is a newborn calf, less than 30 days old, who has been purposely separated from its mother. Immediately after separation, the cow and calf call out and search for each other. Most bobby calves are slaughtered within the first week of their life. Handling and transport pose added problems for young calves who have not developed herding behaviors, are vulnerable to stress, and are forced to go without their mother's milk. Each year, 450,000 bobby calves are slaughtered. Dairy farmers are being milked dry, but let's remember the real cost of milk May 25, 2016, 6.11 am AEST, the dairy industry faces a number of welfare and environmental issues. Cow image from www.shutterstock.com Advocacy groups frequently uncover the routine abuse of bobby calves in Australian abattoirs and challenge the dairy industry to do something about it. Yet aside from the wider ethical questions over the use and exploitation of animals, farmers are not legally doing anything wrong. This is because the treatment of animals operates in a legal context where animals are considered absolute property. What's more, farm animals are exempt from the provisions of anti-cruelty legislation. Codes of practice are practically useless because they promote low welfare standards and are unenforceable. The environmental impact As well as systematic welfare problems, livestock farming is, both directly and indirectly, one of the most ecologically harmful human activities. The Australian livestock sector is worth A$17 billion and dairy cattle farming is a A$4.2 billion industry. In Australia, livestock farming accounts for 10% to 16% of greenhouse gas emissions, with dairy farms contributing 19% of this or 3% of total emissions. Methane emissions, from digestion and manure, and nitrous oxide from livestock are significant contributors. Globally, the livestock sector is responsible for more greenhouse gases than the world's transport. Livestock production accounts for 70% of all agricultural land, including the land used to grow crops to feed these animals. Animal agriculture is a key factor in land degradation, deforestation, water stress, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Livestock farming will also be affected by climate change, particularly changes in temperature and water. The quantity and quality of pasture and forage crops will also be affected. Diseases may increase due to fluctuating weather and climate. Emissions can be reduced Just as the energy sector is attempting to transition to low-carbon energy sources to tackle climate change, the agricultural sector needs to transition to an ethical and sustainable alternative. From the current crisis, there are several opportunities for farmers to seize. Large transitions are possible in land use, production, output, and profitability. Places such as Gippsland in Victoria, which currently produces 19% of Australia's dairy, have the opportunity for agricultural development based on apples and brassicas, such as broccoli, kale, cauliflower, cabbage, turnip, and mustard. Some of these crops are already popular in the region. As a result of climate change and increasing temperatures, some areas will be more suitable than others. While still in the stages of research, perennial grain crops that store more carbon, maintain better soil and water quality, and manage nutrients better than annuals have the potential to contribute to sustainable agriculture. New land uses could also include carbon plantings, biofuels, and bioenergy crops. Investing in further research for alternatives to livestock farming is needed. Some have argued that livestock emissions can be technically mitigated by modifying animal feed, better managing pastures, carbon sequestration, and manure storage. Welfare issues remain But technical mitigation does not address the endemic animal welfare problems in the livestock industry. Consumer demand is one of the most powerful strategies to combat animal welfare and environmental problems. Research shows that we must reduce food waste and losses in the supply chain and change our diets toward less resource-intensive diets, such as plant-based diets. Doing so would cut emissions by two-thirds and save lives. It's possible to eliminate animal suffering and reduce carbon emissions by reducing and replacing livestock production and consumption. Alternatives to dairy milk include soy and almond milk. Soy milk is nutritionally comparable to dairy milk and has a significantly smaller environmental footprint. Policy initiatives also need to address these issues. The Food and Agriculture Organization's Livestock's Long Shadow report recommends a policy approach that correctly prices natural resources to reflect the full environmental costs and to end damaging subsidies. In the interim, higher taxes on meat and other livestock products will be necessary to improve public health and combat climate change. Denmark, for instance, is considering proposals to raise the tax on meat after its ethics council concluded that climate change is an ethical problem. Governments everywhere need to have a transitional plan for livestock producers and workers - one that helps to cultivate the ethical and sustainable agricultural endeavors of the future.

orchidtortoise852

RLGA02H3 Study Guide - Final Guide: Midrash, Torah, Shahada

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