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13. The arms of a human and the wing of a bat are _________________ structures, composed of the same bones that have been modified for different functions.
a. | analogous |
b. | vestigial |
c. | homologous |
d. | convergent |
14. Xeroderma pigmentosum is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder. People who are homozygous for the disease-causing allele have skin that is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet radiation; this can lead to skin cancer at an early age. The mutation that causes this disorder is in a gene that functions:
a. | to repair DNA by excising (removing) nucleotides damaged by UV light. |
b. | in lysosomes, to break down lipids that otherwise accumulate in the nervous system. |
c. | to produce the UV blocking pigment melanin in the skin cells |
d. | in red blood cells to carry oxygen to the skin. |
15. The Amish are a religious sect descended from a small group of colonists who came to the United States over 200 years ago. Their religious beliefs have kept them isolated from society. The Amish have a much higher than average incidence of both polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) and dwarfism in their communities. This is most likely explained by:
a. | inheritance of acquired characters. |
b. | the founder effect. |
c. | disruptive selection. |
d. | natural selection. |
16. In the structure of DNA that Watson and Crick proposed, the sides of the "ladder" of the DNA molecule are always the same distance apart, making the molecule a constant width. This occurs because when the bases hydrogen bond to form the rungs of the "ladder", a:
a. | purine always pairs with a pyrimidine. |
b. | purine always pairs with a purine. |
c. | pyrimidine always pairs with a pyrmidine. |
d. | The structure of the double helix is not determined by how the bases pair. |
17. The RNA transcript of DNA that travels to the cytoplasm, carrying the instructions to make a protein, is called:
a. | rRNA. |
b. | tRNA. |
c. | mRNA. |
d. | RNA polymerase. |
18. When DNA is replicated, the error rate is approximately one error for every 10,000 nucleotides copied. However, that error rate is reduced to only 1 error for every 1 billion nucleotides. The DNA sequence is "corrected" by:
a. | repeating S phase to see if the error rate is lower the second time around. |
b. | enzymes that proofread the DNA and repair errors. |
c. | messenger RNA during the process of transcription. |
d. | Any errors made during DNA replication cannot be corrected. If errors are detected after S phase, the cell is destroyed. |
19. Mendel's principle of segregation says that:
a. | when gametes are formed, each gamete receives only one allele for a particular gene. |
b. | some genes are dominant to others. |
c. | a testcross must be used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype. |
d. | all of the above |
20. Tay-Sachs disease is lethal before reproductive age, but the allele persists in Louisiana French Canadians because:
a. | it is a dominant allele. |
b. | new mutations causing this disease are common in that population. |
c. | it is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. |
d. | the disease is contagious and can be transmitted by nonheritable means. |
21. Physical features that are similar in organisms which are not closely related to each other are most likely a result of ____________. A good example of this is the similarities seen between some marsupial and placental mammals.
a. | natural selection. |
b. | adaptation to similar environments |
c. | convergent evolution |
d. | All of the above phrases can be used to correctly fill this blank. |
22. In humans, which of the following sex chromosome compliments could be found in males?
a. | XY |
b. | XX |
c. | Y |
23. The proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes:
a. | help to package the DNA within the nucleus. |
b. | are involved in gene expression, through binding with the DNA. |
c. | may be replicating or transcribing the DNA. |
d. | All of these are true of proteins that are associated with eukaryotic chromosomes. |
24. A sequence of DNA nucleotides that contains the information to produce a single protein is a(n):
a. | codon. |
b. | gene. |
c. | polypeptide. |
d. | anticodon. |
Rand's Objectivism Aristotle's concept of Virtue Thomas Aquinas' concept of conscience Socrates' concept of excellence |
Sentiment in response to the suffering of others Acknowledging the sufferings of others Acts of altruism Acts contrary to Objectivism |
Setting aside ethical criteria in special cases Taking steps to avoid condemnation of others Using one set of criteria for judging cases concerning ourselves and another for all others Suspending judgment when concerned that the consequences would be too severe |
To indicate that one choice is better than others To show what actions are legal To convey requirements and obligations To indicate that there are really no choices available |
Kant's Categorical Imperative Social Contract Theory Ethical Egoism Gilligan |
A perpetual state of warfare The establishment of a monarchy Taxation to support the costs of government Organized ways to select leaders |
Hydroelectric power Tidal flow generators Biomass waste systems Solar cells |
The social contract according to Locke Deontological ethics according to Mill Natural law ethics according to Aquinas Deontological ethics according to Kant |
Ends-based Economy-based Law-based Efficiency-based |
To determine whether the situation described is accurate To determine whether the premises are true before continuing To determine whether the conclusion proceeds from the premises To determine that there are only two premise statements in the syllogism |
Some choices of action are more realistic than others In deciding to choose one action, the other possible choices will be lost Not everybody involved will be happy with the choice There may be significant personal costs to choosing |
Personal virtues Self-interest Ability to learn lessons Conscience |
Accounting for unintended consequences Fiduciary interests to be honored The amount of happiness produced The principle to be honored |
Rawls' notion of the veil of ignorance Aristotle's notion of the doctrine of the mean Hammurabi's code of law Hobbes' state of nature |
Normative ethics Consequentialist ethics Deontological ethics Interdisciplinary ethics |
Aristotle Luther Augustine Socrates |
Personal standards of behavior for family members Pricing structures for services Non-competition among members Meeting ethical and competency standards in order to practice within a jurisdiction |
There is no deficiency Being broke (having no money) Stinginess Moderation |
conflict resolution systems. objectivist tactics. primary schools of ethics. care-based ethics. |
Principles of ethics Concern for outcomes Emotions Subjective sense of identity |