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MGY377H1 Final: Exam notes

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redtermite204
23 Dec 2011
School
UTSG
Department
Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
Course
MGY377H1
Professor
William Navarre

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Document Summary

In gram positive, no outer membrane, thick peptidoglycan layer. Protein a is made on a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Protein temporarily anchored to membrane because charged and hydrophobic domains. Peptide bond attaches protein a to peptidoglycan (newly built subunit) Ergo protein a is anchored to peptide subunit of peptidoglycan: via transpeptidation and transglycoslyation reactions. Teichoic acid and lipotechoic acid are major components of gram positive cell wall. Gram negative bacteria have only outer membrane. Attached to nam, one of two sugars in peptidoglycan on carbon six of nam. Detergent likely will remove lta, not ta. Anchored to cell wall of gram positive bacteria. Are the carboxyhdrate antigens of the lancefield serogrouping system. Only glycerol, water, glucose can easily pass through membrane. Outer membrane in gram negative cells have strong permeability barrier, especially to hydrophobic compounds because of asymmetry in outer membranes, and chemical structure of. Lps stabilizes outer leaflet in outer membrane.

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Related Questions

Some penicillin antibiotics are more effective against Gram positive than Gram negative? Come up with a reason? Hint: where is the peptidoglycan located in Gm neg. bacteria?

1.This week, you will be conducting Gram stains of bacteria.Which of the following statements are true? (Mark all thatapply)

Gram-negative bacteria do not stain purple because they do nottake-up crystal violet or iodine

The peptidoglycan in the walls of Gram-positive bacteria bindsto the crystal violet stain more easily than walls of Gram-negativebacteria do

Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls with a thickerpeptidoglycan layer than walls of Gram-negative bacteria

Gram-negative bacteria do not stain purple, because their cellwall structure allows purple-colored iodine-dye complexes to washout of the cells more easily than the cell wall structure ofGram-positive bacteria does

Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane (outside thepeptidoglycan layer in their wall) that Gram-positive bacterialack

2.

What evidence is used to inform our understanding ofrelationships among species? (mark all that apply)

Biochemical similarities between existing species

Fossils

Morphological similarities between existing species (presence ofhair, backbones, etc.)

DNA sequences and molecular clocks

3.

For each of the groups of organisms below, indicate whether theybelong in (A.) Archaea, (B.) Bacteria, or (C.) Eukarya

- A. B. C.

Methanogens (prokaryotes that produce methane)
- A. B. C.

Gram-positive bacteria
- A. B. C.

Fungi
- A. B. C.

Animals
- A. B. C.

Cyanobacteria
- A. B. C.

Green algae
- A. B. C.

Red algae
- A. B. C.

Amoebas
- A. B. C.

Thermophiles (prokaryotes of hydrothermal vents)
- A. B. C.

Plants
- A. B. C.

Free-living relatives of mitochondria
- A. B. C.

Single-celled organisms with a circular strand of DNA, without anuclear envelope and without peptidoglycan in their cell walls

4.

Select all true statements about the relative diversity ofdifferent groups of organisms from among the followingstatements:

There are more species of plants on Earth than species ofmolluscs

There are more plant species on Earth than mammal species

There are more species of plants on Earth than species offungi

There are more species of fungi on Earth than mammal species

There are more species of plants on Earth than species ofarthropods

There are more flatworm species on Earth than mammal species

26.The best microscopy technique for observing different subcellular structures on the surface of bacteria is

(A) SEM (B) TEM

(C) phase contrast microscopy (D) interference microscopy

(E) fluorescence microscopy

27.Which type of microscopy exploits differences in the refractive index of the specimen, where light is retarded by one-quarter of a wavelength when it passes through a bacterial cell?

(A) SEM (B) TEM

(C) phase contrast microscopy (D) bright-field microscopy

(E) fluorescence microscopy

28.Which type of microscopy should be used to examine bacterial cells that have been Gram stained?

(A) TEM (B) fluorescence microscopy

(C) phase contrast microscopy (D) interference microscopy

(E) bright-field microscopy

29.Which of the following is most abundant in a prokaryotic cell (in dry weight)?

(A) RNA (B) DNA

(C) Polysaccharide (D) Protein

(E) Lipid

30.Which of the following techniques uses the Svedberg unit (S)?

(A) electron microscopy (B) ultracentrifugation

(C) X-ray crystallography (D) genetic analysis

(E) sonication

31.Which of the following is NOT a function performed by the cell membrane or its components?

(A) production of proteins (B) detection of environmental signals

(C) transport of molecules into and out of the cell (D) separation of charge across the membrane

(E) B and D

32.Which of the following statement is true?

(A) Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.

(B) Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are found in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.

(C) Teichoic acids are found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.

(D) Teichoic acids are found in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria.

(E) Cholesterol is found in the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria.

33.Which of the following is found in Archaeabut not in Bacteria?

(A) Hopanoids (B) Terpenoids

(C) Cholesterol (D) S-layer

(E) Peptidoglycan

34.The glycan chain of archaeal cell wall is made of __________ and __________, while the glycan chain of bacterial cell wall is made of __________ and __________.

(A) peptidoglycan and murein, pseudopeptidoglycan and murein

(B) N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid,

N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

(C) N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid,

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid

(D) N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid,

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

(E) N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid,

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid

35.The sacculus of bacteria is composed primarily of

(A) phospholipids (B) peptidoglycans

(C) carbohydrates (D) amino acids

(E) nucleic acids

36.Lysozyme attacks the following linkage in the bacterial cell wall:

(A) β(1,4)-glycosidic bonds

(B) β(1,3)-glycosidic bonds

(C) Glycine peptide interbridges

(D) Peptide cross-links between glycan chains

(E) Peptide bonds between L-alanine and D-glutamic acid