PCL102H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Infor, Venture Philanthropy, Crowdsourcing

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apricotjackal278

16 Oct 2012

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Injecting prialt in a fish will paralyse it because it blocks the synapses preventing clcium channels from opening. Pharmacokinetics what the body does to the drug. Pharmacodynamics what the drug does to the body. Nda new drug application. Pre- discovery understand the disease and choose a target molecule. Drug discovery find a drug candidate. Preclinical testing - test extensively to determine if the drug is safe for human testing. Nda obtain fda approval to test in humans. Clinical trials test in humans to determine if the drug is safe and effective. Approval fda reviews results of all testing to determine if the drug can be approved for patient use. Kinase enzymes that can activate protein through the addition of phosphate groups. Miccroarrays shows which genes are induced and which genes are repressed. Retroviruses reverse transcribe their rna into dna. Globular proteins x- ray crystallography.

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All of the drug candidates listed below failed to make it to the market. Indicate point in the drug discovery/development pipeline that the drug candidates probably failed. (Options are: preclinical testing, one of the phase trials or postrelease)

1.) A cholesterol lowering drug candidate was found to lead to a serious rash in all patients tested.

2.) An anti-hypertension drug candidate was found to lower blood pressure in non-human primates but was only effective in humans at high doses.

3.) A cholesterol drug was determined to be too costly to produce in order to compete with existing drugs on the market.

4.) An anti-nausea drug was found to have a very short half-life due to rapid metabolism.

5.) An antidepressant drug candidate was found to cause severe stomach ulcers in adolescent patients.

6.) An analgesic drug candidate was found to have a therapeutic index of 1.2.

Is the answer to number 2: Phase II, and the answer to 6: Preclinical?

goldwhale242

All of the drug candidates listed below failed to make it to the market. Incidate point in the drug discovery/developement pipeline that the drug candidates probably failed.

* A cholesterol lowering drug candidate was found to lead to a serious rash in all patients tested.

* An anti-hypertension drug candidate was found to lower blood pressure in non-human primates but was only effective in humans at high doses.

* A cholesterol drug was determined to be too costly to produce in order to compete with existing drugs on the market.

* An anti-nausea drug was found to have a very short half-life due to rapid metabolism.

* An antidepressant drug candidate was found to cause severe stomach ulcers in adolescent patients.

* An analgesic drug candidates was found to have a therapeutic index of 1.2.

peachsardine632

Pharmacotherapy for Cardiovascular Disorders As the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women, cardiovascular disorders account for 7 million hospitalizations per year (NCSL, 2012). This is the result of the extensive treatment and care that is often required for patients with these disorders. While the incidences of hospitalizations and death are still high, the mortality rate of cardiovascular disorders has been declining since the 1960s (CDC, 2011). Improved treatment options have contributed to this decline, as well as more knowledge on patient risk factors. As an advanced practice nurse, it is your responsibility to recommend appropriate treatment options for patients with cardiovascular disorders. To ensure the safety and effectiveness of drug therapy, advanced practice nurses must consider aspects that might influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes such as medical history, other drugs currently prescribed, and individual patient factors. Consider the following case studies: Case Study 1: Patient AO has a history of obesity and has recently gained 9 pounds. The patient has been diagnosed with hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Atenolol 12.5 mg daily Doxazosin 8 mg daily Hydralazine 10 mg qid Sertraline 25 mg daily Simvastatin 80 mg daily Case Study 2: Patient HM has a history of atrial fibrillation and a transient ischemic attack (TIA). The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and ischemic heart disease. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Warfarin 5 mg daily MWF and 2.5 mg daily T, TH, Sat, Sun Aspirin 81 mg daily Metformin 1000 mg po bid Glyburide 10 mg bid Atenolol 100 mg po daily Motrin 200 mg 1â3 tablets every 6 hours as needed for pain Case Study 3: Patient CB has a history of strokes. The patient has been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Drugs currently prescribed include the following: Glipizide 10 mg po daily HCTZ 25 mg daily Atenolol 25 mg po daily Hydralazine 25 mg qid Simvastatin 80 mg daily Verapamil 180 mg CD daily To prepare: Review this weekâs media presentation on hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as well as Chapters 19 and 20 of the Arcangelo and Peterson text. Select one of the three case studies, as well as one the following factors: genetics, gender, ethnicity, age, or behavior factors. Reflect on how the factor you selected might influence the patientâs pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Consider how changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes might impact the patientâs recommended drug therapy. Think about how you might improve the patientâs drug therapy plan based on the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes. Reflect on whether you would modify the current drug treatment or provide an alternative treatment option for the patient. Post on or before Day 3 an explanation of how the factor you selected might influence the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes in the patient from the case study you selected. Then, describe how changes in the processes might impact the patientâs recommended drug therapy. Finally, explain how you might improve the patientâs drug therapy plan. make it 400 words, .

PCL102H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Infor, Venture Philanthropy, Crowdsourcing

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