PHL240H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Property Dualism, David Hume, Rigid Designator

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8 Dec 2011

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The circularity objection to locke"s theory of personal identity over time is that locke defines personal identity over time in terms of memory, but memory presupposes personal identity. This is because locke states that a present mental state that represents a past mental state counts as a memory if both mental states were had by the same person. The five possibilities compatible with the brain bisection data are as follows: (1) the patients have a mind associated with the left hemisphere and neither a mind nor any mental activity associated with the (nonverbal) right hemisphere. Wrong: if the left hemisphere failed, we would have no difficulty ascribing both a (nonverbal) mind and (nonverbal) mental activity to the right hemisphere"s activities. (2) the patients have a mind associated with the left hemisphere. Associated with the (nonverbal) right hemisphere are episodes of mental activity not associated with any distinct mind.

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A satellite in geostationary orbit is used to transmit data viaelectromagnetic radiation. The satellite is at a height of 35,000km above the surface of the earth, and we assume it has anisotropic power output of 1 kW (although, in practice, satelliteantennas transmit signals that are less powerful but moredirectional).
part A Reception devices pick up the variation in the electricfield vector of the electromagnetic wave sent out by the satellite.Given the satellite specifications listed in the problemintroduction, what is the amplitude of the electric field vector ofthe satellite broadcast as measured at the surface of the earth?Use for the permittivity of space and for the speed of light.
Express the amplitude of the electric field vector in microvoltsper meter to three significant figures.
E_0 =7.00
Correct
Imagine that the satellite described in the problem introduction isused to transmit television signals. You have a satellite TVreciever consisting of a circular dish of radius which focuses theelectromagnetic energy incident from the satellite onto a receiverwhich has a surface area of 5 .

How large does the radius of the dish have to be to achieve anelectric field vector amplitude of 0.1 at the receiver?

For simplicity, assume that your house is located directly beneaththe satellite (i.e. the situation you calculated in the firstpart), that the dish reflects all of the incident signal onto thereceiver, and that there are no losses associated with thereception process. The dish has a curvature, but the radius refersto the projection of the dish into the plane perpendicular to thedirection of the incoming signal.

Give your answer in centimeters, to two significant figures.

(1) Using Equation delta.d = 2do+ n glass d glass - d1 and Figure 1-3 and 1-4 located in theExperimental
Procedure, determine the speed of light assuming that the distancebetween
the transmitter-side mirror and the face of the corner-cube do is1.7m and the
distance between the two mirrors d1 is 4 em. (Note: The corner-cubeis
designed so that light always travels 6.7 em within the corner-cube- i.e.
dglass)). nglass=1.5
(2) Calculate the time-of-flight you expect for light to propagatea distance of 20
m in (a) vacuum and (b) a medium with an index of refraction n =1.5.
Express your answer in nanoseconds (ns).
(3) In telephone calls using a satellite, you sometimes can hear adelay in the
response of the other person. Satellites are usually either inlow-Earth orbit
Uust above the atmosphere) or much higher in geosynchronous orbit.The
latter is at an altitude of 35,785 kilometers (22,236 miles), wherethe satellite
completes one orbit in exactly one day. Because the orbitalvelocity matches
the spin rate of the Earth, a satellite in a circular equatorialgeosynchronous
orbit appears to hover motionless over a single location on theequator. The
total delay in hearing your correspondent's reply, due to thefinite speed of
light, is due to two round trips. If you and your correspondentwere located
nearby, and on the equator, the only distance involved is thedistance from
you to the satellite, the total distance corresponding to the delayis 4 x 35,785
km. Calculate this delay, assuming the radio signal travels at thespeed of
light in a vacuum. Report your answer in units of seconds, anddiscuss in one
sentence whether this delay is long enough for you to notice.Identify at least
one factor that could cause the actual delay to be longer than whatyou
calculated.

Vapor cycles
5EM - Thermodynamics
September 2010
1 The T-S diagram
The temperature-entropy diagram is an alternative to the well knownpressure-
volume diagram. Before using it to analyze different vapor cycles,we need
to understand it properly.
1. Plot the following transformations for ideal gases in a T-Sdiagram
(a) Isothermal expansion
(b) Isobaric expansion
(c) Isometric heating
(d) Reversible adiabatic expansion
(e) Irreversible adiabatic expansion
2. Repeat the last question, but this time do it for a realsubstance,
starting in the compressed liquid1 region and ending in thesuperheated
region, when possible. Indicate the boundaries of eachregion.
3. We know that under certain circumstances the area under theplot
in a P-V diagram represents the work performed during theprocess.
What does it represent in this case? Under what assumptions isyour
answer true? Compare examples 6.1 and 6.2.
2 Thermal machines
We understand by thermal machine a device capable of transformingther-
mal energy (heat) into mechanical energy (work). We already knowthat
these machines have a limited efficiency which, in the two-sourcesmodel, is
obtained by Carnotâs cycle.
(Compressed liquid is sometimes also called subcooled liquid)
2.1 Carnot cycle
This cycle, although efficient, is impractical. To begin with, theextreme
temperatures of the cycle should be within the sources temperaturesfor a
finite heat flow to exist.
1. Given the temperature of the sources, draw the cycle accordingto the
named limitation.
2. Show that this leads to lower efficiency than the theoreticallimit.
3. Assume that heat flow from/to the sources is proportional to thetem-
perature difference between them and the working fluid, anddemon-
strate that a higher power output is related to a decreasedefficiency.
2.2 Rankine cycle
Out of the several practical possibilities, Rankine cycle and itsvariations is
widely used, especially for electric power generation.
1. Draw the basic cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. What does the efficiency of the cycle depend on? Comparewith
Carnotâs.
3. What are the differences between the ideal cycle and the realone?
4. Describe how it is modified by superheating and/or reheating.Explain
te benefits.
2.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 8.2, 8.4, 8.5, 8.13, 8.19, 8.20
3 Frigorific machines
3.1 Reverse Carnot cycle
We have already studied Carnot cycle in detail as the ideal thermalmachine.
Now we will take is as the starting point to understand thecharacteristics
of frigorific machines.
1. Draw the ideal cycle in a T-S diagram and explain it.
2. Show that this cycle has a theoretical efficiency Ã =Tcold/Thot-Tcold
3. What are the difficulties in implementing such cycle in actualdevices?
3.2 Actual refrigerators
1. Why is the turbine replaced by an expansion valve in mostcases?
2. Plot the actual cycle and explain the differences with the idealcase.
3. How do cascade and multistage systems improve the performanceof
the refrigerator?
4. What aspects are important in the choice of a refrigerant fluid?Justify
3.3 Problems
After answering the previous questions solve the followingexercises from the
book: 10.2 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.22, 10.23 10.1D

PHL240H1 Study Guide - Final Guide: Property Dualism, David Hume, Rigid Designator

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