PSL301H1 Midterm: PSL301 Cardio TT Review
CARDIOVASCULAR+SYSTEM+
Myocardial*Infarction:*
Symptoms*include:*dull*ache*in*the*chest,*nausea,*chest*pain;*family*history*of*heart*disease*
can*take*aspiring,*but*need*emergency*medical*technician
blood*clot,*effect/result,*mechanisms,*treatment,*and*outcome*
Functions*of*Circulatory*System*
Transport*and*distribute*essential*moleculues/substances*to*the*tissues*
*
Remove*metabolic*byproducts*ex.*CO2*
Adjustment*of*oxygen*and*nutrient*supply*in*different*physiologic*states*(sitting,*standing)*
Regulation*of*body*temperature*by*regulating*amount*of*blood*to*the*surface*
Humeral*communication*(cells*to*cells*~*hormones)*
Overview:*What*is*being*transported*and*Where*
Oxygen:*from*lungs*to*all*cells*
*
Nutrients*and*Water:*from*intestinal*tract*to*all*cells*
Wastes:*from*some*cells*to*liver*for*processing*
Immune*cells,*antibodies,*clotting*proteins:*from*those*in*blood*continuously*to*where*needed*
Hormones:*from*endocrine*cells*to*target*cells*
Stored*nutrients:*liver*and*adipose*tissue*to*all*cells*
Metabolic*Wastes:*from*all*cells*to*kidneys*
Heat:*from*all*cells*to*skin*
*
Carbon*Dioxide:*from*all*cells*to*lungs*
General*Anatomy*of*Cardiovascular*System*–*to*be*memorized*
The*cardiovascular*system*is*a*closed*loop*
* The*heart*is*a*pump*that*circulates*blood*through*the*system.*Arteries*take*blood*away*from*
the*heart,*and*veins*carry*blood*back*to*the*heart*
*
Note:*the*hepatic*artery*to*liver*
Digestive*tract’s*blood*goes*to*liver*by*Hepatic*PORTAL*vein*
o Blood*leaves*liver*via*hepatic*vein
Structure*of*the*Heart*
heart*is*composed*mostly*of*myocardium*(heart*muscle)*
Pericardium:*fluid-filled*sac*the*encases*the*heart*
Has*two*sides,*each*with*two*chambers*(atrium*+*ventricle)*
The*ventricles*occupy*the*bulk*of*the*heart*
The*arteries*and*veins*all*attach*to*the*base*of*the*heart*
Coronary*arteries*provide*oxygen*to*the*heart*muscles*
Two*large*branches*come*directly*out*of*aorta*right*to*heart
Cardiac*veins*remove*CO2*from*the*muscles*
Atrioventricular*Valves:*occur*between*the*atria*and*ventricles*
Biscuspid/Mitral*Valve:*between*right*atrium*and*right*ventricle
Tricuspid*Valve:*between*the*left*atrium*and*left*ventricle
Valves*are*re-enforced*by*Chordae*Tendinae*attached*to*muscular*projections*within*the*
ventricles
Pulmonary*valve:*between*right*ventricle*and*pulmonary*artery*
Aortic*valve:*between*left*ventricle*and*aorta*
*During*ventricular*contraction,*the*AV*valves*remain*closed*to*prevent*blood*flow*backward*into*
the*atria*
*During*ventricular*relaxation,*the*semilunar*valves*prevent*blood*that*has*entered*the*arteries*from*
flowing*back*into*the*ventricles*
Passage*of*Blood*Through*the*Heart*(blood*flow*sequence)*
Superior*and*inferior*vena*cava*à*Right*atrium*à*Tricuspid*valve*à*Right*ventricle*à*Pulmonary*semilunar*valve*à*
pulmonary*trunk*and*arteries*to*the*lungs*à*pulmonary*veins*leaving*the*lungs*à*Left*atrium*à*Bicuspid*valve*à*Left*
ventricle*à*Aortic*semilunar*valve*à*Aorta*à*rest*of*body*
General*Terminology*of*Cardiovascular*system*flow*
Coronary*circulation:*the*circulation*of*blood*WITHIN*the*heart*
Pulmonary*circulation:*the*flow*of*blood*between*the*heart*and*LUNGS*
Systemic*circulation:*the*flow*of*blood*between*the*heart*and*the*cells*of*the*body*
Blood*Pressure*and*the*heart*
blood*pressure:*greatest*in*the*aorta*
*the*wall*of*the*left*ventricle*is*thicker*than*that*of*the*right*ventricle,*generating*the*greater*force*to*
pump*blood*to*the*entire*body*
blood*pressure*then*decreases*as*the*cross-sectional*area*of*arteries*&*arterioles*increases*
*by*the*time*the*blood*is*in*the*vein,*there’s*almost*no*pressure*
Hydrostatic*pressure*is*the*pressure*exerted*on*the*walls*of*any*container,*by*the*fluid*within*the*
container.*
o Hydrostatic*pressure*is*proportional*to*the*height*of*the*water*column*
*Once*fluid*begins*to*flow*through*the*system,*pressure*falls*with*distance*as*energy*is*lost*because*of*
friction.*This*is*the*situation*in*the*cardiovascular*system.*
Pressure*created*by*contracting*muscles*is*transferred*to*blood*vessels*
Driving*pressure*is*created*by*the*ventricles*
*If*blood*vessels*dilate/relax,*BP*decreases*
If*blood*vessels*constrict/tighten,*BP*increases*
*Volume*changes*affect*blood*pressure*in*cardiovascular*system*(eg.*Dehydration)*
Fluid*Flow*
flow*is*directly*proportional*to*the*pressure*gradient*
the*higher*the*P*gradient,*the*greater*the*fluid*flow*
fluid*flows*only*if*there*is*a*positive*pressure*gradient*(ie.*High*to*low)*
only*the*gradient*(delta)*matters,*not*the*absolute*pressure*
flow*through*a*tube*is*inversely*proportional*to*resistance*
resistance*increase*=*flow*decrease
resistance*decrease*=*flow*increase
R*(proportional*to)*Ln/r^4*
Resistance*is*proportional*to*length*(L)*of*the*tube*(blood*vessel)
Resistance*increases*as*length*increases
Resistance*is*proportional*to*viscosity*(n),*or*thickness*of*the*fluid*(blood)
Resistance*increases*as*viscosity*increases
Resistance*is*inversely*proportional*to*tube*radius*to*the*fourth*power
Resistance*decreases*as*radius*increases
As*the*radius*of*a*tube*decreases,*the*resistance*to*flow*increases*
* and*because*resistance*is*inversely*proportional*to*r^4,*only*a*small*change*of*radius*
greatly*affects*resistance
and*because*flow*is*inversely*proportional*to*resistance,*change*in*resistance*affects*flow
ultimately,*flow*is*proportional*to*radius
Small*change*in*radius*has*an*enormous*effect*on*resistance*to*blood*flow*
Vasoconstriction:*a*decrease*in*blood*vessel*diameter/radius*and*decreased*blood*flow
Vasodilation:*an*increase*in*blood*vessel*diameter/radius*and*increased*blood*flow
In*conclusion,*Flow*(proportional)*to*delta(P)/R*=*flow*of*blood*in*the*cardiovascular*system*is*
Directly*proportional*to*the*pressure*gradient
Inversely*proportional*to*the*resistance*to*flow
Flow*Rate*NOT*same*as*velocity*of*flow*
Velocity*refers*to*Flow*rate*/*Cross-sectional*Area*
V*=*Q/A*
Mean*arterial*pressure*is*proportional*to*cardiac*output*x*peripheral*resistance.*
And*can*be*affected*by*changes*in*vessel*size,*blood*properties,*and*cardiac*contractibility*
Heart*
in*order*to*generate*blood*flow,*need*to*generate*a*pressure*difference.*
*Heart*does*this*with*a*cardiac*contraction*
Heart*is*a*simple*pump*with*very*small*moving*parts*
myocardial*muscle*cells*are*branched,*have*a*single*nucleus,*and*are*attached*to*each*other*by*
specialized*junctions*known*as*“intercalated*disks”*
*individual*cells*contain*sarcomeres*that*does*the*actual*contraction*
the*Actin*Myosin*interaction*is*calcium*dependent*
*Like*in*skeletal*muscles,*cardiac*muscles*also*have*T*tubules,*sarcoplasmic*reticulum,*and*
myofilaments*
*Excitation-Contraction*Coupling*
AP*enters*from*adjacent*cell
Voltage*gated*Ca+*channels*open.*Ca*enters*cell
Ca*induces*Ca*release*through*Ryanodine*Receptor*Channels*(RyR)
Local*release*causes*Ca*spark
Summed*Ca*sparks*create*a*Ca*signal
Ca*ions*bind*to*troponin*to*initiate*contraction
Relaxation*occurs*when*Ca*unbinds*from*troponin
Ca*is*pumped*back*into*sarcoplasmic*reticulum*for*storage
Ca*is*exchanged*with*Na*by*the*NCX*antiporter
Na+*gradient*is*maintained*by*the*Na/K*ATPase
Cardiac*Muscle*vs.*Skeletal*Muscle*
Smaller*and*have*single*nucleus*per*fiber
Have*intercalated*disks
Desmosomes*allow*force*to*be*transferred
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PSL301H1 Full Course Notes
Verified Note
41 documents
Document Summary
Symptoms include: dull ache in the chest, nausea, chest pain; family history of heart disease (cid:0)can take aspiring, but need emergency medical technician blood clot, effect/result, mechanisms, treatment, and outcome. Transport and distribute essential moleculues/substances to the tissues. Adjustment of oxygen and nutrient supply in different physiologic states (sitting, standing) Regulation of body temperature by regulating amount of blood to the surface. Nutrients and water: from intestinal tract to all cells. Wastes: from some cells to liver for processing. Stored nutrients: liver and adipose tissue to all cells. Immune cells, antibodies, clotting proteins: from those in blood continuously to where needed. General anatomy of cardiovascular system to be memorized. The heart is a pump that circulates blood through the system. Arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood back to the heart. Digestive tract"s blood goes to liver by hepatic portal vein: blood leaves liver via hepatic vein.
