PSY210H1 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Memory, Child Development, Toy

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12 Oct 2018
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Department
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PSY210H1
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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Outlines are for personal use only. Please do not distribute.
Lecture 1 Outline
Developmental Psychology = the scientific study of changes or continuities in an
organism between initial conception and death
Child Development: ‘a field of study that seeks to account for the gradual evolution of
the child’s cognitive, social, and other capacities first by describing changes in the child’s
observed behaviours and then by uncovering the processes and strategies that underlie
these changes’ (PGS 4)
What is the difference between basic and applied research?
Basic research seeks to understand development for the sake of science
Applied research has a clear practical application
Major Themes in child development
Nature vs. Nurture
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Active vs. Passive
Development in different domains is connected
Nature vs. Nurture
Nativist: emphasizes the role of nature (or innate factors) in development
Empiricist: emphasizes the role of nurture (or the environment) in development
!
Continuity vs. Discontinuity
Continuous
Each new event builds on earlier experiences
Development is a smooth and gradual accumulation of abilities
Predictable
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Discontinuous/ stage-like
Abrupt changes in ability
Development is a series of discrete steps or stages in which behavior get
reorganized into a qualitatively new set of behaviors
Unpredictable
Active vs. Passive
Are children simply at the mercy of their environment or do they actively
influence their own development through their unique individual characteristics?
What is a developmental theory?
An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development
Theories generate testable hypotheses or predictions to explain development
Theoretical approaches to development
1) Biological
Maturational (Gesell)
Ethological (Lorenz)
2) Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic (Freud)
Psychosocial (Erikson)
3) Learning
Behaviourism (Pavlov, Skinner, Watson)
Social Cognitive Learning (Bandura)
4) Cognitive-Developmental
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
5) Contextual
Vygotsky’s Theory of Contextual Development
Scientific Method
Use of objective and replicable methods to gather data for the purpose of testing a
theory or hypothesis
Identify a question of interest
Form a hypothesis (potential answer)
Select method for collecting data to test hypothesis
Systematic Observation
Naturalistic Observation
Children are observed as they behave spontaneously in real-life situations
(pg 24)
Structured Observation
The researcher creates a setting likely to elicit the behavior of interest (pg
24)
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