PSY260H1 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Memory, Reflex, Neuron

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12 Oct 2018
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PSY260H1
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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Lecture #1
- Learning and Memory:
- Learning: The process by which changes in behaviour arise as the result of experience
interacting with the world.
- Memory: The record of our past experiences, which are acquired through learning.
- Clive and Deborah. Clive was a musician who got viral infection and spinal fluid built up in
the brain which caused brain damage. (Videos we watched in class). Video #1: Clive is stuck in
one moment. He can’t remember past or look towards future. His intellect however, is perfectly
intact. He always thinks he has been awake for about two minutes, and he always looks at his
watch and records the time because he always thinks he is awake for the first time and when he
sees what he wrote he thinks he was unconscious when he wrote that. But his emotions are still
the same. His love for his wife remains unchanged however he always forgets seeing her. He
recognizes his wife and he is consciously aware of his love for her. He gets extremely angry
because he is not demented/oblivious. He is perfectly lucid, highly intelligent, and extremely
frustrated he can’t grasp what is wrong with him. Twenty years later.....
Video #2: Clive can only recognize his wife but his memory is stuck and he only has about 7s or
at most 30s of memory. His speech, writing, and reading skills do not appear to be impaired. His
procedural memories do not appear to be impaired (Ie: playing the piano). He could eventually
form new procedural memories (like find his path to the cafeteria).
Treatment: Draining Cerebral Spinal Fluid would stop the effects but it would not treat the
already existing physiological damage.
Cause: Damage to the Hippocampus would have caused this. (He is a very extreme case)Does
Remember things that happened prior to the injury. Some Key Questions for the Course:
Nature Vs Nurture
Humans vs Animals similarity and differences
How much of our behaviour are we “in control” of.
Philosophical Traditions:
Timeline
(Picture online)
Mind, Leaning, and memory have been topics of intense fascination for millennia
Early approaches were primarily philosophical rather than scientific, but many key questions of
the field were identified to be taken up by experiments later (missed notes check slides).
Nature Vs Nurture:
Nativists: humans are shaped primarily by their inherited natures (nature)
Empiricist: humans are shaped primarily by their experience (nurture)
Supporters for Nature included Plato (who believed that we should be sorted at birth and
Descartes proposed that most of our knowledge is innate and not from experience (there are
people who still believe this).
Supporters for Nurture include Aristotle who believed that knowledge and talent are matters of
training and experience, not inheritance. Locke also believe this (Tabula Rasa).
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John Locke: “Let us then suppose the mind to have know ideas in it to be like white paper with
nothing written on it from where then does it get......to this I answer in one word from
experience.”
Current approaches!
-most modern researchers acknowledge that we are shaped by both nature and nurture.
-still, sharp disagreements persists over relative importance in different domains (e.g. IQ)
-Brain radiation for instance causes people to loose cognitive function.
Some people push shit agendas with the ‘nature’ viewpoint. Ie: Watson (of Watson & Crick who
stood Rosalind Franklins ideas).
Philosophical Traditions: Rules of Mind
Empiricists believe we are shaped by experience
But how do we gain such complex ideas from experience?
Aristotle proposed that ideas are built by rules of association:
. 1) Contiguity - experiences near each other in time/space are joined together
. 2) Frequency - experiences often repeated are connected more strongly
. 3) Similarity - (missed note here)
Ie: Lemon
What words come to mind? Orange, Peel, Yellow Because they are similar and frequently
contiguous concepts
But not chair which is why Aristotle believed in the power of association.
Associationism: was further elaborated by other empiricist thinkers including Aristotle, Locke,
and William James.
We will never be tested on dates because its not a history course and she is reasonable person..
William James: Founding father of psychology and wrote the first formal psychology textbook
Web Slides Refer to Textbook
Assume you are at a dinner party. There is a lot of components to that dinner party. Leather
Jacket, beautiful woman, and you notice smell of her perfume. And when you are out dancing
you run into her again and smell the perfume again and he believes that now these two memories
are linked in the brain and he believed this from a structural standpoint as well. So much so, that
he believes that when you start thinking about one part of this experience these ideas can spread
and activate another part of this experience (check the exact wording typed quickly).
Evolution and Natural Selection:
-Evolution: the theory that species can change over time, and that all existing species are
descendants of common ancestors. This idea was proposed by Erasmus Darwin and others as the
study of the natural world revealed striking similarities between distinct species of animals.
Darwin noticed the difference in the finches on the island and posited that one species modified
itself to fill niches. He brought up the possible mechanism of natural selection which would
explain this evolution his grandfather proposed several years before. He proposed that the notion
that heritable traitors provide reproductive advantages that become more common in a
population, leading over tim to changes in existing species and even the evolution of new
species. (Table in slides). 3 main things which need to be present: Heritable traits, natural
variability, relevance to survival.
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PSY260H1 Full Course Notes
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Document Summary

Learning: the process by which changes in behaviour arise as the result of experience interacting with the world. Memory: the record of our past experiences, which are acquired through learning. Clive was a musician who got viral infection and spinal fluid built up in the brain which caused brain damage. (videos we watched in class). Video #1: clive is stuck in one moment. He can"t remember past or look towards future. His love for his wife remains unchanged however he always forgets seeing her. He recognizes his wife and he is consciously aware of his love for her. He gets extremely angry because he is not demented/oblivious. He is perfectly lucid, highly intelligent, and extremely frustrated he can"t grasp what is wrong with him. Video #2: clive can only recognize his wife but his memory is stuck and he only has about 7s or at most 30s of memory.

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