Reading Lec 10 - Gender Inequality
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Department
Sociology
Course Code
SOC101Y1
Professor
Sheldon Ungar
Sociology January 13th, 2011.
Gender Inequality
New Society – Ch. 7
•Fact that gender is largely learned and that its content is continually altered
through social interact had three implications:
1.Gender identities and behaviours are not stable and fixed. What people take to be
masculine/feminine varies b/w societies, and w/in any given society, over time
2.Gender identities—internalized sense of being man/woman—and gender specific
behaviours need not be congruent w/ the sex assigned to individuals at birth
3.Just like sexuality and sex, gender identities and behaviours are not polar
opposites; there are degrees of masculinity and femininity
Three Dimensions of Inequality: Power; Material well-being – involves access to
economic resources necessary to pay for food, clothing, housing, and other possessions
and advantages. 2 important sources of material well being: work related earnings and
accumulated wealth; and Prestige
•Social scarification – classification of persons into groups based on shared socio-
economic conditions leads to gender inequality
Feminist Theories
Marxism derived from Karl Marx
•Capitalists benefit because they obtain refreshed workers at the beginning of each
day and mothers raise children who will become future labourers
•Capitalists also benefit from women’s unpaid work because women in paid labour
force, help capitalists earn profit because they act as a “reserve army of labour”
that can be hired and fired as labour demands change
•Gender equality is possible once socialism replaces capitalism
Socialist feminism builds on Marxist feminism
•Agree that gender inequality is cause by the gendered division of labour and its
exploitation by capitalism
•Argue that classes constitute only one set of social relations that oppress women
•2nd set of social relations is patriarchy – the system of male domination over
women
•Patriarchy predates capitalism
•Glass ceiling effect – women face invisible barriers that prevent them from
penetrating the highest levels of organizations where power is concentrated and
exercised
•Impersonal discrimination “statistical discrimination” – process whereby
employers make decisions about whether to hire and how much to pay any given
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