55-140 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Natural Selection, Evolution, Bacteria
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
55-140
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Chapter 17- Evolution (Theory)
Evolution: gradual hage of populatios or orgaiss oer tie oer geeratios; does’t happe i
oe’s lifetie, that is osidered deelopet ad groth
History of Evolution Theory
Natural history: study of organismal form and variety in natural environments
-Aristotle elieed there ere fixed groups that did’t hage oer tie “ala Naturae ladder
Taxonomy: biological classification of organisms (based on characteristics)
-Linnaeus
1. Biography
-distribution of organisms related to their position on the Earth (similarities and differences
between similar species in different places)
2. Comparative Morphology
-Buffon Leclerc started to question why there are vestigial structures
-Conceived by nature and produced by time
3. Geology
-Stratification: fossils are different in each layer of sedimentary rock
-Catastrophism: each fossil layer showed a different catastrophic event that killed the organisms
Changes in Earth
-Hutton: Gradualism, the oept of otiuous, slo hage oer a log tie ausig Earth’s hages
-Lyell: Uniformitarianism; the processes used in the past that changed the Earth are still used today
**EARTH IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING**
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
-first theory of evolution, based one 2 mechanisms that were incorrect
1. Principle of use and disuse (the more you use something, the more perfect it becomes)
2. Inheritance of acquired characteristics (pass on that perfect characteristic, ex. Muscles)
-major contributions to evolutionary thought
1. Species change with time
2. Changes are inherited
3. Organisms respond to environment
4. Mechanisms that cause evolutionary changes
-Fostered the discussion of change
Charles Darwin
-born into wealthy, educated family
-dropped out of med school, became clergyman
-travelled and made observations about different species on different islands
-Artificial selection: selected breeding organisms with favourable characteristics to ensure offspring had
characteristics
-Natural selection: all species produce more offspring than necessary to replace parent generation
eause atural seletio does’t allo for all to surie ad reprodue faourale harateristis
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
survive in those conditions)
-Natural selection increases favourable hereditary traits in successive generations; adaptive traits are
passed on for survival and increase in population with those traits
Dari’s Ioatios
1. Provided purely physical rather than spiritual explanations for origins of life
2. Evolutionary change in groups rather than individuals (generation to generation)
3. Evolution is a multistage process (continuous)
4. Occurs because some organisms function better than others in a particular environment; favoured
traits will be passed on
**Wallace contributed, had very similar ideas, but Darwin had much more in depth research and work
to show for his theory
Dari’s Ipat
-All organisms arise through descent with modification
-natural selection drives evolution; no theory of heredity though
-envisioned as a tree; main trunk as ancestors, branches are evolutionary divergence
Modern Synthesis
-unified theory of evolution
-integrates all aspects, including biogeography, comparative morphology and embryology, genetics,
paleontology and taxonomy within an evolutionary framework
-links macro and micro evolution
-Microevolution: small scale genetic changes within a population in response to changes in environment
(in a certain spot)
-Macroevolution: large scale genetic changes within an entire species as a results of accumulation of
microevolution (over a long time)
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Evolution: gradual (cid:272)ha(cid:374)ge of populatio(cid:374)s or orga(cid:374)is(cid:373)s o(cid:448)er ti(cid:373)e (cid:894)o(cid:448)er ge(cid:374)eratio(cid:374)s(cid:895); does(cid:374)"t happe(cid:374) i(cid:374) o(cid:374)e"s lifeti(cid:373)e, that is (cid:272)o(cid:374)sidered de(cid:448)elop(cid:373)e(cid:374)t a(cid:374)d gro(cid:449)th. Natural history: study of organismal form and variety in natural environments. Aristotle (cid:271)elie(cid:448)ed there (cid:449)ere fixed groups that did(cid:374)"t (cid:272)ha(cid:374)ge o(cid:448)er ti(cid:373)e (cid:894) (cid:272)ala naturae (cid:862)ladder(cid:863)(cid:895) Taxonomy: biological classification of organisms (based on characteristics) Distribution of organisms related to their position on the earth (similarities and differences between similar species in different places: comparative morphology. Buffon leclerc started to question why there are vestigial structures. Conceived by nature and produced by time: geology. Stratification: fossils are different in each layer of sedimentary rock. Catastrophism: each fossil layer showed a different catastrophic event that killed the organisms. Hutton: gradualism, the (cid:272)o(cid:374)(cid:272)ept of (cid:272)o(cid:374)ti(cid:374)uous, slo(cid:449) (cid:272)ha(cid:374)ge o(cid:448)er a lo(cid:374)g ti(cid:373)e (cid:272)ausi(cid:374)g earth"s (cid:272)ha(cid:374)ges. Lyell: uniformitarianism; the processes used in the past that changed the earth are still used today.
