59-191 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Carbon, Carboxylic Acid, Oxygen

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59-191
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
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03-59-191
Week One: January 8 - 12, 2018
Introduction to Organic and Biological Chemistry for Health Sciences
Chapter Five: Compounds and their Bonds
5.1 Octet Rule and Ions
Learning Goal → using the octet rule, write the symbols of the simple ions for the representative elements.
Number of Valence Electrons
- In the electron configuration for phosphorus, there are 5 valence (outer electrons)
electrons in the s and p subshells with the highest number.
Electron Dot Structure
- Is a convenient way to represent the valence
electrons.
Octet Rule
- The stability of the noble gases is associated with 8
valence electrons.
- Ne 2, 8
- Ar 2, 8, 8
- Kr 2, 8, 18, 8
- Atoms can become more stable by acquiring an octet (8 electrons) in the outer shell.
- The process of acquiring an octet involves the loss, gain, or sharing of valence electrons
Metals Form Positive Ions (Cations)
- Metals acquire octets by losing valence electrons.
- The loss of electrons converts an atom to an ion that has the electron configuration of
the nearest noble gas.
- Medals form positive ions because they have fewer electrons than protons.
-This is because ionization energies of the metal groups are low and they readily
lose their valence electrons to nonmetals thus acquiring the configuration of a
noble gas.
- Group 1A metals → ion 1+
- Group 2A metals → ion 2+
- Group 3A metals → ion 3+
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Example:
Formation of the Positive ion, Mg2+
- Magnesium forms an ____ by losing its two valence electrons.
- A positive ion forms with a 2+ charge.
Formation of Negative Ions
- When nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an octet arrangement, they form negative
ions.
- The ionic charge of a nonmetal is 3-, 2-, or 1-.
Example:
Formation of the Negative Ion Fluoride F-
- Fluorine forms an octet by adding an electron to its seven valence
electrons.
- A negative ion forms with a -1 charge.
Example of Ionic Charges
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Document Summary

Learning goal using the octet rule, write the symbols of the simple ions for the representative elements. In the electron configuration for phosphorus, there are 5 valence (outer electrons) electrons in the s and p subshells with the highest number. Is a convenient way to represent the valence electrons. The stability of the noble gases is associated with 8 valence electrons. Atoms can become more stable by acquiring an octet (8 electrons) in the outer shell. The process of acquiring an octet involves the loss, gain, or sharing of valence electrons. Metals acquire octets by losing valence electrons. The loss of electrons converts an atom to an ion that has the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas. Medals form positive ions because they have fewer electrons than protons. This is because ionization energies of the metal groups are low and they readily lose their valence electrons to nonmetals thus acquiring the configuration of a noble gas.

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