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KINE 4580 Study Guide - Final Guide: Juxtaglomerular Cell, Adrenal Medulla, Chromaffin Cell

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School
University of Windsor
Department
Kinesiology
Course
KINE 4580
Professor
Dr.Kevin Milne

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Document Summary

Function: the adrenal glands sit of top, adrenal glands: on top of the kidneys, composed of the cortex (outer) and, kidneys, glomerulous, juxtaglomerular. Medulla (inner: cortex, consist of steroidogenic cells, zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids, zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids, zona reticularis (androgens, medulla, chromaffin cells, epinephrine (adrenaline) storing cells + norepinephrine (noradrenaline) storing cells, kidneys: frerr, filtration: of blood constituents (h2o,na+, +, etc: reapsorption: of constituents, excretion: of metabolic waste products (i. e. , hydrogen (h) and creatine) and foreign chemicals (i. e. , drugs, toxins, additives, etc), release: erythroproietin (epo) and vitamin. D, raas components: regulation/control: ph, gluconeogenesis from amino acids*, arterial pressure, and water + electrode excretion, glomerulous: a cluster of nerve endings, spores, or small blood vessels in particular. It is responsible for the filtration of arterial blood (filters water, electrolytes, tubular fluid, etc. : distal tubule: conserves na+ (and hence. H2o): synthesize steroids, (red blood cells): carrying molecules within the blood, juxtaglomerular cells: respond to sns stimulation and decreased blood volume and blood pressure.

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Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3

2

13

4

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyer’s patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the body’s assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the body’s metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroid’s two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: • Breathing • Heart rate • Central and peripheral nervous systems • Body weight • Muscle strength • Menstrual cycles • Body temperature • Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

1) Which of the following is a component of a vertebrate kidney? (Select all correct choices.)
glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
renal tubules
collecting ducts
Malphigian tubules

2)

In organisms, the ability to control osmosis depends on the properties of the plasma membranes of individual cells. Based on their ability to permit the free movement of water and some solutes, these membranes are best described as: (select all correct choices)
impermeable.
permeable.
semipermeable.
diffusible.
impervious.

3)I selected cortex; inner medulla, it was wrong.

The loops of Henle create a concentration gradient in the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop, with the concentration highest in the ____________ and lowest in the ____________ of the kidney.
inner medulla; cortex
outer medulla; inner medulla
outer medulla; cortex
cortex; inner medulla
cortex; outer medulla

4)

The main solutes in the filtrate as it enters the distal convoluted tubule are: (select all correct choices)
urea.
electrolytes.
other wastes.
amino acids.
nucleotides.

5) Ensure all correct choices are selected, for this question I only selected osmosis and it was wrong,

Water moves by: (select all correct choices)
random molecular motion.
active transport.
passive transport.
osmosis.
facilitated diffusion

6)

Compared to sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction: (select all correct choices)
requires less investment in attracting mates.
allows much more rapid population growth.
is rarely found as the sole mechanism of reproduction.
results in the production of genetically identical cells or individuals.
involves meiosis and fertilization as core processes.

7)

A key difference between hormonal regulation of the reproductive systems of males and females is that:
LH and FSH are released only in females.
LH and FSH are released only in males.
LH and FSH are released cyclically in females but nearly continuously in males.
LH is released in males and FSH is released in females.
LH is released continuously in males and FSH is released cyclically in females.

8)

True or false: In response to LH and FSH, ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone.
true
false

9)

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, if the oocyte is not fertilized, a number of events occur which are listed below. Select the answer that places the events in the correct chronological order.

Events:
1. the lining of the uterus is shed
2. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
3. follicle cells are converted to the corpus luteum
4. the corpus luteum degenerates
5. estrogen and progesterone levels fall
3, 2, 4, 5, 1
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
4, 3, 2, 1, 5
5, 2, 3, 4, 1

10)

If an antibody is missing its Fc fragment, what would happen if this antibody encounters its target antigen in the bloodstream? Select all correct choices.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen at a specific epitope.
The antibody would be able to bind the antigen, but not at an epitope site.
The antibody would not be able to bind to the antigen.
The antibody would be able to activate components of the complement system.
The antibody would not be able to activate components of the complement system.

11)

If an individual carries a mutation that results in a complete lack of MHC class I proteins, how would the individual’s immune response be affected? Select all correct choices.
Memory cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.
Cytotoxic T cells would not be able to target (and destroy) infected cells.
Helper T cells would not be able to interact with antigen-presenting cells.
Plasma cell antibodies would not be able to attach to antigen epitopes.

12)

Which of the following statements is true regarding T cell receptors? Select all correct choices.
They recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
They contain variable and constant regions.
They are composed of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains.
They are formed by the rearrangement of V, J, C, and D gene segments.
They can be found in the bloodstream independent of T cells.

1. Be able to define the following terms: releasing hormone,inhibiting hornone, trooic hormone, nontropic hormones,neurosecretory cells.

2. What are hormones?

3. What are two specific differences between the endocrine andnervous systems?

4. What are the four different types of cell signaling?

5. What are the three types of hormonal control pathways? Givean example of each.

6. What is local regulator?

7. What type of feedback is a common feature of pathways thatcontrol homeostasis?

8. What are the three major classes of molecules that functionas hormones? Which are water-souble and which are lipid-souble?

9. Signaling by a hormone involves three key events. What arethey?

10. What is the correlation between solubility of a hormone andthe location of its receptors?

11. In addition to receptor location, water-soluble andlipid-soluble hormones also exhibit additional differences in theirresponse pathways. What are these differences?

12. What is signal transduction pathway?

13. Why can the same hormone have different effects on differentbody tissues?

14. Liver cells and the blood vessels of skeletal muscle cellshave identical surface receptors for epinephrine, yet the responeof these two cells types is dramatically different. Explain howthis is possible.

15. In the "fight or fight response" the release of epinephrinefrom the adrenal medulla cause skeletal muscle blood vessels todilate while simultaneously constricting blood vessels of theintestine. Explain how this is possible.

16. List the three types of local regulators discussed in classand explain their function.