Biology 1001A Study Guide - Final Guide: Semipermeable Membrane, Starch, Active Transport

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silverferret42

30 Mar 2018

School

Western University

Department

Biology

Course

Biology 1001A

Professor

Beth Mac Dougall- Shackleton

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Document Summary

Transporting materials across the cell membrane: types of membrane. Everything a cell needs must pass through the cells membrane. There are 3 types of membranes: permeable membrane: allow all materials to pass through, impermeable membrane: allow no materials to pass through, semi-permeable or selectively permeable membrane: allows some materials to pass though depending on the size. Cell membranes are semi- permeable; their structure determines what goes in/out: cell membrane structure. Consists of 3 layers (2 layers of fat; 1 of protein: diffusion concentration to an area of low concentration; the movement occurs naturally (no. The law of diffusion: (cid:498)particles of a substance always move from and area of high energy required) and happens because particles are always in motion. (cid:499: diffusion and cells. Refer to notebook: summary- why does diffusion occur in cells, cells are semi-permeable, certain materials like o2 and co2 are small enough to fit through the pores of the cell membrane, a concentration gradient exists.

Related Questions

Material Science

Question 1

Muscle fibers slide smoothly across each other in both directions.

True

False

Question 2

Cell membranes are composed of single layers of fat molecules.

True

False

Question 3

In mammals, the percentage composition of fats and minerals is roughly the same.

True

False

Question 4

Both RNA and DNA have a double helix structure.

True

False

Question 5

The primary constituents of muscles are

	a)	the proteins kerotin and actin
	b)	the proteins lycine and actin
	c)	the proteins actin and liposine
	d)	the proteins glycine and lycine
	e)	the proteins myocin and actin

Question 6

Hydroxyapatite is a component of endoskeletons.

True

False

Question 7

There are thousands of types of amino acids.

True

False

Question 8

Amorphous silicon is a component of some biomaterials.

True

False

Question 9

The biosynthesis of both collagen and polysaccharides starts in the cell nucleus.

True

False

Question 10

After going through alkyline hydrolysis, the remaining solids are primarily hydroxyapatite.

True

False

Question 11

Calcium carbonate is a mineral found in some biomaterials.

True

False

Question 12

Proteins, chitin, and cellulose are build up from proteins

True

False

Question 13

There are thousands of types of proteins.

True

False

Question 14

Chitin is the most abundant natural polymer.

True

False

Question 15

Keratin is formed from a structure of living cells.

True

False

Question 16

Some biopolymers are hard.

True

False

Question 17

Polymeric biomaterials are comprised of collagen and elastin.

True

False

Question 18

Cell membranes are made of double layers of proteins.

True

False

Question 19

Which is NOT an example of a hard biopolymer?

		a)Eggs
		b)Insect Shells
		c)Hooves
		d)Nails
		e)Cellulose

Question 20

Polysaccharides are built up hierarchically from amino acids.

True

False

Question 21

Unit cells have faces that are

	a)	rhombus
	b)	square
	c)	rectangular
	d)	parallelegrams
	e)	circular

Question 22

Unit cells are

		a)the building blocks of crystalline material
		b)the building blocks of DNA
		c)the building blocks of polymers
		d)the building blocks of amorphous materials
		e)the building blocks of biomaterials

Question 23

Which radioactive semi-metal is the only element with a Simple-Cubic (SC) structure?

		a)Polonium
		b)Uranium
		c)Radium
		d)Plutonium
		e)Dilthium

Question 24

The common crystal structures in metal are

		a)FCC, BCC, HCP
		b)FCC, BCC, HCP, and SC
		c)HCC, BCC, FCP
		d)HCC, BCC, FCP and SC
		e)FCC, SEC, BCC

Question 25

Diffraction results in

		a)constructive interference
		b)delamination of the planes
		c)reverse polarization
		d)altered planar spacing
		e)destructive interference

Question 26

Unit cell indexing schemes provide

		a)location information for grain boundaries
		b)descriptions of the atoms, planes, and axis directions
		c)diffraction indexes for the crystal material
		d)the location of the unit cell in the larger crystalline matrix
		e)the packing arrangement

Question 27

Hexagonal crystal structures cannot be close-packed.

True

False

Question 28

To determine crystal structure and spacing, scientists use

		a)magnetic resonance imaging
		b)X-ray diffraction
		c)optical microscopes
		d)scanning electron microscopes
		e)atomic force microscopes

Question 29

A scanning probe (aka atomic force) microscope can be used to image and manipulate individual atoms.

True

False

Question 30

Crystal planar density is taken as

		a)the number of atoms per unit area for a plane
		b)the planar stacking order
		c)the number of atoms that are closely packed
		d)the number of equivalent atoms per unit cell
		e)the number of atoms per unit length for an axis

Question 31

The atomic packing factor represents

		a)the mass ratio of the unit cell
		b)the number of nearest-neighbor atoms
		c)the fraction of solid sphere volume in the unit cell
		d)the unit cell edge length (a) divided by the atomic radius (R)
		e)the density of the material

Question 32

When an elemental solid can have more than one crystal structure, it is said to have

		a)allotropy
		b)polymorphism
		c)polytropy
		d)elemorphism
		e)anthropomorphis

Question 33

The crystallographic linear density

		a)is determined by the atomic packing factor
		b)is six for HCP unit cells
		c)is five for BCP unit cells
		d)is determined by the coordination number
		e)is how many atoms lie along a unit length in that direction

Question 34

Bragg's law specifies

		a)the condition for when electrons will be refracted upon striking a crystal
		b)the condition for when light will be polarized upon striking a crystal
		c)the condition for when x-rays will be absorbed upon striking a crystal
		d)the condition for when x-rays will be refracted upon striking a crystal
		e)the condition for when light will be refracted upon striking a crystal

Question 35

Two features of a crystal unit cell structure are

		a)atomic number and elemental packing factor
		b)the number of interstitial and host atoms
		c)coordination number and atomic packing factor
		d)the number of faces and the number of atoms
		e)the number of substitutional and interstitial atoms

Question 36

Imperfections in semiconductors are used to create transistors and other electronic devices.

True

False

Question 37

The majority of crystalline solids are single crystals

True

False

Question 38

The grain structure of a polycrystalline material can be observed in the material without significant preparation.

True

False

Question 39

There are three types of electron microscopes, Transmission (TEM), Scanning (SEM), and Tunneling (TUEM).

True

False

Question 40

Defects are important for solid catalysts

True

False

Question 41

The mean intercept length is a measure of grain diameter.

True

False

Question 42

Imperfections in materials do not generally change their properties.

True

False

Question 43

The mean intercept length is computed from the average length of a grain boundary edge.

True

False

Question 44

Catalysts chemically combine with the reactant molecules in order to speed up the reaction.

True

False

Question 45

For a particular material, the higher the temperature the greater the number of vacancies.

True

False

Question 46

A twin boundary is a linear defect where the screw angles on each side of the boundary are equal.

True

False

Question 47

The regular pattern of crystal order is disrupted at a grain boundary.

True

False

Question 48

Solid solutions can only be formed by liquid material cooling to a solid.

True

False

Question 49

Alloys do not usually have significantly difference properties of the constituent metals.

True

False

Question 50

When an atom is missing from a crystal structure position, it is referred to as a self-interstitial.

True

False

byzantiumpig518

Answer question part a-d

Question part A

Diffusion Lab

Purpose: To investigate the diffusion of a substance across a semipermeable membrane.

Materials:

iodine (must be colored, clear won't work)

cornstarch/water solution

plastic sandwich bags (cheap is good)

beakers or clear plastic cups

Set-Up and Procedure
1. Fill beaker about halfway and put about ten drops of iodine.
2. Put about a teaspoon of starch and about 3 ounces of water in baggie and tie.
3. Make sure that it is water tight
4. Put the baggie in the beaker or glass and wait.
5. In about 15 minutes the solution in the baggie will turn blue/black. (purple)
This is a result of the iodine diffusing through the bag.
You should know that iodine is an indicator for starch. It turns blue/black in color.
Test it by dropping some iodine on a piece of white paper.

Questions and Conclusions :

Define permeability

To which substance is the plastic bag is permeable ?

Why did the iodine enter the bag ?

Why didn't the starch enter the beaker?

How is the plastic bag like the cell membrane?

Question part b

Reflex Lab

Procedures for Reflex Lab

In this lab we will test muscle stretch reflexes and cutaneous reflexes.

A partner is needed to be the subject for this lab.

Purpose: To test and observe normal muscle stretch and cutaneous reflexes.

Equipment: Reflex hammer,

Background: In the most narrow sense, a reflex is an involuntary, unpremeditated response by the body to an external stimulus. Reflexes allow reaction to a stimulus more quickly than would be possible if conscious thought were involved. A reflex can be described as a stimulus-response cycle. Most reflexes involve the brainstem or the spinal cord and do not require interaction from higher brain centers. The muscle stretch reflexes are the simplest reflexes. They involve the sensory neuron synapsing directly upon the motor neuron. They are sometimes called monosynaptic reflexes. They are also called spinal reflexes because the reflexive action does not require input from the brain. The other reflexes we will be testing in this lab are the cutaneous reflexes. They are also called superficial reflexes because the receptors are in the superficial areas of the body. They are more complex and require the message to go up the spinal cord to the brain and then back down to elicit the response. These can be used to test for CNS injury.

There are five components to a reflex; these components together are called the reflex arc. The components are as follows:

sensory receptor â receives the stimulus and generates an impulse (is usually a nerve ending)

afferent pathway â a neuron that carries the impulse from the receptor to a central integrating center

integrating center âthis is where the afferent component connects to the efferent component- this is in the CNS. One or more synapses must occur here. Interneurons are not involved in stretch reflexes but are always found in all other types of reflexes.

efferent pathway - a neuron that carries the impulse from the integrating center to an effector.

effector -receives the impulse and responds. The effector may by skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, or glands.

For more information please read chapter 12 : "Muscle" ( Pages 380-390) in Human Physiology book ( 12th edition by Stuart Ira Fox)

Part I. Stretch reflexes.

First do muscle stretch reflexes which are also called deep tendon reflexes.

It is important the subject relax the muscle being tested. Tell the subject to let the muscle go limp.

Rate each response according to the following scale:

+4 very brisk, hyperactive, large movement at joint.

+3 brisker than average, medium movement at joint

+2 average, small movement at joint

+1 somewhat diminished, very small or no movement at joint

0 no response

A. Patellar (also called the knee jerk reflex) â activation of femoral nerve. The receptor is located in the quadriceps muscle, the effector is the quadriceps muscle. The nerve ending is responding to the stretch of the muscle caused by striking the tendon.

1. A subject is allowed to sit comfortably on a table with knees dangling over the edge.

2. Using a reflex hammer (or substitute as described above) strike the patellar tendon just below the kneecap.

3. Observe the action caused by the reflex.

4. Record your results using the graded scale above.

B. Biceps Reflex â activation of the musculocutaneous nerve

1. Rest subjectâs left forearm along your left forearm.

2. Subjectâs hand should rest in or near the bend of your elbow.

3. Press your left thumb on the subjectâs biceps tendon, apply a little pressure.

4. Strike your thumb with the reflex hammer, this will transfer the pressure to the biceps tendon.

5. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle. Usually, the forearm will not move.

6. Record your results using the graded scale above.

C. Triceps reflex â activation of the radial nerve.

This is a difficult reflex to observe, but give it a try.

1. The subject should have the arm relaxed and elbow bent.

2. Support the entire weight of the arm with your left hand.

3. Strike the triceps tendons, just above the elbow.

4. Watch carefully for twitching of the biceps muscle.

5. Record your results using the graded scale above.

Both B and C show up best on someone who doesnât have a lot of subcutaneous fat and who has good muscle definition.

D. Achilles reflex (also called ankle-jerk reflex) â activation of the poplitealnerve. The principle is similar to the knee-jerk reflex. Here the stretch receptors are located in the gastrocnemius muscle.

1. Have the subject take her/his shoes and socks off, exposing the Achilles tendon on the back of the ankle.

2. Strike the Achilles with the reflex hammer (or substitute) and observe the extension of the foot downward.

3. Record the results using the graded scale above.

Part II. Cutaneous reflexes

A. Plantar reflex

This reflex differs from the four muscle stretch reflexes. In this reflex, receptors are stimulated in the sole of the foot (cutaneous receptors). The reflex pathway travels up the leg to the integrating center. While in the integrating center, the reflex travels up the spinal cord through the pyramidal tracts, which are nerve pathways between the spinal cord and brain.

1. The subject needs to lie on his or her back, with shoes and socks off.

2. Using the end of the handle of the reflex hammer, trace a path along the lateral side from heel to the little toe to the big toe.

3. Observe for the flexion (toe curling) which is recorded as a normal plantar reflex.

4. If the toes curl, this is called a Negative Babinski response and is normal. If the toes flare, then an abnormal response is recorded and is called a Positive Babinski response and indicates CNS damage.

5. Record the results.

B. Ciliospinal reflex â This reflexive pathway is from the skin to the thoracic spinal cord, through the sympathetic trunk, then to the dilator pupillae muscle of the eye. This is another test of the CNS.

1. Pinch the back of the subjectâs neck,

2. Watch pupils for a response.

3. A normal response is dilation of the pupil.

4. Record your results.

question part c

Homeostasis Lab - Heart Beat Regulation

This lab is designed to help explore the process of homeostasis as it applies to regulating heart rate. It also should help how a sampling process works.

Make two copies of the data sheet (or make your own) and paste them into your report.

1. Take a pulse for six seconds, record this number in the table below.

2. Every 15 seconds for the next three minutes, take a pulse again for six seconds, record each of these values.

3. Multiply each of these values by 10 to get the beats per minute.

4. Now average these numbers (this is the setpoint for the pulse at resting). Note the range of values (that is how far they can deviate from the set point).

5. The next step is to take a 30 second reading. Multiply this number by 2 to get beats per minute.

6. How does this compare to the setpoint?

7. Repeat steps 1 through 6 after running in place for 30 seconds. Record the same data.

8. After getting 8 readings, stop and plot these numbers on a piece of graph paper. The X-axis should be minutes and the Y-axis should be heart rate.(Don't forget to connect the points ). You can do this in Excel and then import it into Word. Or you can e-mail this to me.

Submit your lab report in the correct format.. Respond to the questions above. Explain WHY the results were what they were. Compare the resting and post-exercise and postulate explanations for the differences. You should have two data tables and one graph with your heart rate data from both tables on it in your report.

Time in seconds	Heart rate (bpm)
0 (initial recording)
15
30
45
60
75
90
105

question part d

What was one thing you found interesting, confusing or surprising about any of the lab activities? Why?

Biology 1001A Study Guide - Final Guide: Semipermeable Membrane, Starch, Active Transport

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