Biology 1001A Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Metaphase, Telomerase, Telomere

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19 Dec 2017

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Characteristics of viruses and why they are not generally considered to be (cid:498)alive(cid:499). Why viral infections are usually difficult to treat with drugs, and exceptions to this general principle. Characteristics of hiv that affect the prospects for drug design and vaccine development. The general mechanisms by which vaccines protect against diseases. Why developing a vaccine against hiv is relatively challenging, compared to other diseases. Why people are encouraged to get a flu vaccine each year (as opposed to one time only). Major steps in lifecycle of hiv, and which of these are appropriate targets for antiviral drug design mechanism by which azt interferes with hiv replication. Why the effectiveness of azt decreases over time. Principles underlying evolution by natural selection: variation, heritability, differential reproduction, change in genotype of the population. Rationale for using multiple drugs simultaneously to treat viral infections. Evolutionary origins of hiv and why the virus is much more common in some parts of the world than others.

Related Questions

Vaccination (Short Informative Paper)

1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination

a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination

2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)

3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)

4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between

a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus

b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research

5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.

6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza âfluâ virus

a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?

b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder

c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?

d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.

e. vaccines/latest technology for flu

7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune

response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not

include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.

--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process

8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the

evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular

vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?

fuchsiawater-buffalo266

Vaccination

1.Definition of vaccine/vaccination

a. Describe experiment that lead to discovery of vaccination

2. Describe how a vaccine is made or prepared(i.e. mechanisms for how do they work; in terms of immunity)

3. Explain how vaccines are administered(dosages, administration procedures)

4.Classification of vaccines (Live, attenuated(Bacteria & Viral), inactivated)-distinguish between

a. Describe the course of treatment given if a person is not up to date on vaccination against tetanus

b. Briefly elaborate on the significance of the vaccinia virus in terms of vaccine development/research

5.At least two childhood diseases for which vaccines are available and the name of the vaccines for the diseases.

6. Comparison of HINI flu virus vs influenza âfluâ virus

a. Name of the virus(itself that causes the disease) . What type of viruses are they?

b. With HINI: what is the origin. Method of infection, and symptoms of the disorder

c. Why is the flu more prevalent in the winter time?

d. Provide rationales for the seemingly severe flu season/mortality rates we had this past season.

e. vaccines/latest technology for flu

7. Explain how the flu vaccine works: begin with injection and go up to the adaptive immune

response. DO NOT address the development or selection of lymphocytes . Also do not

include details of signal transduction either. Do not address Re-exposure.

--- For this part use outline format and you may include pictures to show the steps in this process

8. To Vaccinate or Not: Problems surrounding vaccines in general. Include your opinion, based on the

evidence presented(i.e. you can use a specific example(s) where there is controversy about a particular

vaccine). b. Is natural immunity better than vaccination? Why or why not?

ivoryswan216

1. Select all of the true statements regarding phageconversion.

-The incorporation of viral genesinto the host cell's DNA is an example of phage conversion.

-The expression of the incorporatedgenes and the resulting alteration of the bacterial phenotype is anexample of phage conversion.

-Cholera toxin genes have a viralorigin.

-The cholera toxin is produced bythe virus.

-The cholera toxin itself is transferred to Vibriocholerae by a virus.

2. Viruses grown in media with radioactive sulfur haveradioactive capsids. Why?

Nucleotides contain sulfur

Cysteine amino acids containsulfur

Capsid peptidoglycans containsulfur

Phospholipids contain sulfur

3. Integrase inhibitors work by:

Agglutinating the reversetranscriptase inhibitors

Preventing the incorporation of theviral DNA into the genome

Blocking the final viralassembly

Degrading the viral envelope

4. Once a prophage is formed, the viral genes are reproducedevery time the bacterium multiplies. The genes that encode thelytic cycle are held in check by a repressor protein. Stressinduces the formation of proteases that degrade the repressor. Howwould this affect the prophage?

Apoptosis would be induced.

The virus enters the lyticcycle.

The bacterial genome isdenatured.

The bacterium rejects the viral genes.

5. Can a virus be killed?

No, viruses are non-living andcannot die.

No, viruses are capable ofself-assembly and cannot be permanently killed.

Yes, separating the genes from thecapsid kills it.

Yes, destroying its genome kills it.

6. Which class of drugs would be effective against HIV but notagainst most other pathogenic viruses?

Translation inhibitors that stopassembly of viral proteins.

Nucleotide analogs that haltreplication.

Non-nucleoside reversetranscriptase inhibitors that block reverse transcription.

Receptor antagonists that block viral entry.

7. An unscrupulous malcontent writes a computer program andembeds it in an e-mail that promises lucrative investmentopportunities. The e-mail is sent to thousands of anonymous users,when they open it the program copies itself into the computer'shard drive. The hard drive begins to fill up with copies of theprogram, once it is completely full the computer crashes. Match thecomponents of this story with the components of a viral lifecycle.

1. e-mail containing virus	Virus
2. Innocent user	Binding site onhostcell
3. User's hard drive andCPU	Host cell'sribosomes
4. Program	Uninfected host cell

8. Vaccines work by priming the immune system and inducing theformation of antibodies and memory cells. When the actual virusinfects the host the host's immune system recognizes it andresponds to it. Which feature of viruses helps them thwart thissystem?

	The envelops prevents immune systemrecognition.
	Autocatalytic proteins replicatewithout genetic material.
	The high mutation rate of the viralgenome.
	Integration of viral genescamouflages the virus.
	Shedding the capsid inactivates theantibodies.

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Biology 1001A Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Metaphase, Telomerase, Telomere

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