Political Science 2231E Study Guide - Final Guide: Counter-Insurgency, Cultural Hegemony, Visa Waiver Program
14 Dec 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
International Relations Exam - Dec 14, 2016
Exam Details
● Date: Friday Jan 13th
● Time:10am
● Location: SSC 4112
Exam Content/Materials
○ Non-cumulative
○ Lectures:
■ After the Theories: Foreign Policy (7) to International Development (12)
■ Readings from Pevehouse and Goldstein related to the above chapters
■ TA Guest-Lectures: Moses, Sarah & Sakhi
○ Nothing on:
■ Payne reading (not provided either)
■ TOCs and MNCs (dropped)
■ Post-election lecture
○ Tutorials:
■ As noted: Tutorials with Red colouring are on the December Test on the "Term 1 Tutorial Readings
& Questions"
■ Tutorials readings: Hughes, Epstein, Vilmer, Naimpoor x 2, Sedra
■ None of the videos provided for background/context for Matt's tutorials
Exam Format
○ 70%: Multiple Choice
■ 75 questions
■ Content: Lectures & related Readings, & Lectures by TAs
○ 30%: Essay based solely on Tutorial readings & questions provided by our TAs
■ Know all 4 readings well & develop your essay answer in advance
■ 4 questions will be provided at least 24-hours in advance
■ 1 question -- only 1 out of the 4 -- will be given to you at the exam (not everyone will receive the
same question) so you do need to prepare all 4 questions
■ Explicitly demonstrate knowledge of tutorial readings:
■ Refer to the same examples
■ Explicitly reference the reading: "Vilmer argues ...", "Naimpoor's example of ..."
■ Use terminology words for concept, ideas & phrases rather than long write up of the same
-- you can save words, keep focus, and make the Reader catch on to your point faster &
on track
LECTURES
L7 - Child Soldiers and International Law (A Global Phenomenon)
· Every night young boys and girls would go to city centers because they knew if they stayed home they would be abducted
by LRA Rebels?
· Tony (documentary) - the one message he wants us to get is "Don't forget us"
His research
· Begins at the post war moment
· Objective:
o To determine the extent to which systematically integrating a child-centered model into the peacebuilding
framework can enhance the reintegration of child soldiers back to civilian life, and to develop a detailed
understanding of how it might produce this result
Definitions
· "Child Soldier"
o Any person, male or female, under 18 years of age who is forcibly or compulsorily part of any kind of regular or
irregular armed force or armed group in any capacity, incuding but not limited to cooks porters, messengers, and
anyone accompanying such groups, other than family members. The definition includes girls recruited for sexual
purposes and forced marriage"
· Child
o "Any person under the age of 18 years" (Paris Principles, 2007)
· Armed Forces
o Military institution of a state with a legal basis and supporting institutional infrastructure
· Ex: Canadian Forces, UPDF, US Army
· Armed Group
o Any entity, distinct from armed forces that operatives under the auspices of a non-sanctioned military
· Ex: RUF, LTTE, LRA, FARC, ISIS
o Recruitment
· Use of children under 18 ………..
International Law Pertaining to Child Soldiers
· Rome Statute 1998 (of ICC)
o Criminalizes child conscription and enlistment in war crime leading to prosecution
· ILO - 1999
o Summons members states to take immediate measures
· CRC Optional Protocol -2000
o Raises age of participation from 15 to 18
Despite these legal instruments thousands of child soldiers still exist today
Impact of laws for children are not clear, they make it easier to identify victims and arbiters of this law
Child Soldiers: A Global Phenomenon
· Phenomenon transcends recent time and African space
· UN convention on the Rights of the Child (1990) paves way for securing children's rights
· Children have always been fighting in wars, but the category of 'child soldiers' is recent
Child fighting back then was not illegal back then as it is now - legality changed but was never right before
· Alexander the Great
o Led an army in 340 BC at age 16 mastered the art of warfarez
· Soviet Union
o Exploitation of young people through Komzomol, Founded in 1918
o For Bolsheviks to strategies following the youth, these youth were so effective that Lenin praised them as the shock
force of revolution
· Nazi Germany
o Hitletjudgand (Hitler Youth) youth fighters between 1933-1944
· There are over 300 000 child soldiers today in armed forces and armed groups around the world including Colombia, Sri
Lanka, CAR, DRC, Chad, etc.
· ISIS currently using Nazi methods to train child soldiers
o They have been using Nazi methods
o Children have been involved in armed conflict throughout all of hist
Why Children Fight: 2 'Narratives' (Try to predict why children fight)
· Narrative 1
o They choose to fight
· Children are seen as rational actors for whom the benefits of fighting far outweigh the cost of not fight
· Child abductors implicitly absolved of guilt of recruitment
· Assumption made that children have option not to participate in armed conflict
· Reality: children pressured into fighting
· Children are more likely to join fighting when social/economic problems occur
· Sometimes they are promised a payment (obviously it is broken)
· Narrative 2:
o They are forced to fight
· Children seen as innocent, passive, "appendages to adult societies' that cannot survive without adults
· Adults prey on children's innocence and lure them into armed conflict, with orphans most vulnerable
§ Adults see the weak and attack
· Seen as easily impressionable, and they are completely dependent of adults,
· Vulnerable - economically, socially
· Easily convinced that if they join these groups that they will be provided with food
shelter and protection which they can't access
Child Soldiers in Uganda
· History paints grim account of humanity, ugly episodes of human conflict, spoils of war are well represented that a lot had
been reflected
o Plight of children is as real as it can be
· Allowed a mode of warfare of child soldering
§ Humanity is lost
· Child is captured and forced to kill
· Aboke Girls - all girl school - soldiers come in and abduct them and kill some - they were held by LRA
Asante Sana - Thank you very much
DDR - demilitarization (take away the guns) demobilization (disassociate from military) and reintegration (really hard)
L7 - Foreign Policy
What's a Foreign Policy?
· Strategies used by governments to guide their actions in the international arena
o Goals
o Means/Process for achieving goals
· Many state policies -> foreign, defense, immigration, etc.
· Competing
o Stakeholders
· Actor (Focus)
o Dominant: State leaders, officials, military
o Others: Interest groups, public, etc.
Creating Foreign Policy
Domestic Determinants
· Military capabilities
· Economic system and resources
· Government type
