Psychology 1000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Forego, Operant Conditioning Chamber, Reinforcement
3 Jun 2018
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Learning and Adaptation: Role of Experience
• Learning – process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an
orgais’s ehaiour or apailities
Adapting to the Environment
• Behaviourists focus on how organisms learn, examining the processes by which the
experience influences behaviour
• Ethology focuses on the functions of behaviour
o Adaptive significance – ho ehaiour ifluees a orgais’s haes for
survival
o Fixed action pattern – unlearned response automatically triggered by a particular
stimulus
• Environment shapes behaviour in two fundamental ways:
o Personal adaptation (behaviorists) – behaviour is influenced by immediate
environment and by capabilities that have been acquired through experience
o Species adaptation (ethology) – genetically based features that enhance a
speies’ aility to adapt to the eiroet are ore likely to e passed o to
future generations
• Habituation – decrease in strength of response to repeated stimulus
o Occurs across nearly all species
o Allows organisms to conserve energy by not responding to every stimulus in
environment
o Occurs within central nervous system, not within sensory neurons (like sensory
adaptation)
Classical Conditioning
• Classical conditioning – learning to associate two stimuli such that one stimulus comes
to produce a response that originally was only produced by the other stimulus
• Pavlov discovered that when a stimulus is associated with food, dogs will learn to
associate the stimulus with food, and will salivate
o Before conditioning:
▪ Tone → No salivation
▪ Food (UCS) → Salivation (UCR)
o During conditioning:
▪ Tone (CS) + Food (UCS) → Salivation (UCR)
o After conditioning:
▪ Tone (CS) → Salivation (CR)
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