Psychology 1000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Motivation, Homeostasis, Classical Conditioning
4 Jun 2018
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Motivation and Emotion
The Behavioural Component:
Expressive Behaviours:
• We can tell someone’s mood based on their emotional displays – expressive
behaviours
• Empathy – emotional displays can evoke similar emotional responses in us
Emotional and emotional expression:
• Darwin argued that emotional displays are products of evolution and that they
developed because they contributed to species survival
• Darwin also believed that many emotional responses are innate
• 2 findings suggest that humans have innate or fundamental emotional patterns
o The expression of certain emotions are similar across varying cultures –
suggests that certain expressive behaviour patterns are wired into the nervous
system
o Children who are blind from birth seem to express these basic emotions in the
same ways that sighted children do – they are not learned through observation
• Emotions can be modified or inhibited by social learning, and not all expressive
responses are innate
Facial expression of emotion:
• Our faces can express our emotions
• Only monkeys, apes, and humans have enough well-developed facial muscles to
produce a large number of expressions
• Eyes are also a good source of emotions
• Different emotions are expressed through different parts of the face
• The ways people express emotions can be affected through their culture and the
background of their situation that is affecting their emotions
• Women are more accurate judges of emotional expressions than men – may have an
adaptive significance – women generally have been the caretakers of society/people
Cultural display rules:
• The norms for emotional expression within a given culture are called display rules
• Gestures, postures, and movements can convey different meanings in different cultures
• Some expressions can vary between cultures
• Innate biological factors and cultural display rules combine to shape emotional
expressions
Instrumental behaviours:
• Instrumental behaviours – behaviours directed at achieving some goal
• Instrumental actions fall into 5 categories: moving towards others, moving away from
others, helplessness, and submission
• Arousal and performance depends on arousal levels and task complexity
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Document Summary
Expressive behaviours: behaviours: we can tell someone"s mood based on their emotional displays expressive, empathy emotional displays can evoke similar emotional responses in us. Cultural display rules: the norms for emotional expression within a given culture are called display rules, gestures, postures, and movements can convey different meanings in different cultures, some expressions can vary between cultures. Innate biological factors and cultural display rules combine to shape emotional expressions. Instrumental behaviours behaviours directed at achieving some goal. Motivation: motivation a process that influences the direction persistence and vigor of goal. Perspectives on motivation: factors that move us towards our goals such as obtaining food, a mate, success, darwin"s theory of evolution instincts motivate our behaviour. Incentives represent environmental stimuli that (cid:498)pull(cid:499) an organism toward a goal. Incentive & expectancy theories: hull argued that all reinforcement involves some kind of biological drive reduction.
