Psychology 1000 Study Guide - Quiz Guide: Old Age, Fluid And Crystallized Intelligence, Spatial Memory
Peer and Friendship Relationships
• Friends become very important in adolescence and adolescents spend more time with
peers than doing almost any other activity
• It may be more prevalent in the U.S and Canada, because in Europe and Asia teens
general place a stronger emphasis on family relationships
• Adolescents are most likely to choose peers similar to themselves and have stronger,
more intimate relationships with them than with their past friends
• Over the high school years, the amount of time spent in groups decreases and the
amount of time spent with individual friends increases
• Peer relationships play a role in establishing ones identity and separation from parents
• Peers can strongly influence a teenager’s values and behaviours
• Peer pressure can influence teenager’s to engage in bad behaviours, but pressure to
avoid doing what is wrong has even a stronger influence, and closeness to parents also
helps teenager’s resist peer pressure
Adulthood:
• When observing any drop on performance due to age, it’s difficult to disentangle age
effects from disease, lack of use, drug abuse, and other potentially confounding factors
Physical Development:
• Young adults are at the peak of their physical, sexual, and perceptual functioning
• Maximum muscle strength is reached at 25-30
• Vision, hearing, reaction time, and coordination are at peak levels in the early to mid-
twenties
• Many physical capacities decline in the mid-thirties, but it is not noticeable until the
later years
• Muscles become weaker and stiffer, especially among sedentary people
• After 40 years, the basal metabolic rate, the rate at which the resting body converts
food into energy, slows and produces a tendency to gain weight
• Around 0 yrs women’s ovaries stop producing estrogen and experience menopause
• Men’s fertility gradually declines in middle age
• The physical changes of middle adulthood become more pronounced in late adulthood
• By age 70 the fat muscle body mass may be 50:50, whereas fat content was only 20%
• At age 90, the brain of a healthy adult has lost 5-10% of its early adult weight, due to the
normal loss of neurons that occurs as we grow older
Cognitive Development:
• Several theorists disagree with Piaget’s belief that the formal operational stage is the
last, and argue that there is a 5th stage called post-formal thought:
o People can reason logically about opposing points of views and accept
contradictions and irreconcilable differences. They realize that life has many
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