PS102 Final: PS102 Final Exam Notes
PS102 Final Exam Notes
Chapter 1
Psychoanalysis
• Unconscious: hypothesized repository of thoughts, feelings and sensations outside human
awareness
• thought to have a strong bearing on human behaviour
Sigmund Freud
• belief that people’s behaviours are based on their unconscious desires and conflicts
• developed psychoanalysis aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts
• interested in patients with hysteria
• childhood experiences help set the stage for later psychological functioning
Behaviourism
• belief that psychology should study only observable behaviours
• early behaviourists focus on relationship between stimuli and responses
Edward Thorndike
• proposed research findings from the study of animals could help explain human
behaviour
Ivan Pavlov
• found dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour, such as salivating
for food
John Watson
• conducted the Little Albert experiment demonstrating that children could be classically
conditioned
B.F Skinner
• developed operant conditioning to shape behaviour
• investigated how consequences reinforce behaviour
• reinforcement: learning process that increases the likelihood a given response will be
repeated
• punishment: an experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour
Bandura
• learn by seeing
• described learning by social observation in children and primates
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Humanistic Psychology
• stresses that a person has a capacity for personal growth and the freedom to choose their
destiny and positive qualities
• believed human nature is bad/sad and we are all doomed by our internal conflicts
• humans want to reach their highest potential and be good
Carl Rogers
• developed client centred therapy people are innately good
• how the world sees us vs. how we see ourselves
Maslow
• developed a theory of motivation that consists of a hierarchy of needs
Cognitive Psychology
• study of information processing
• Uric Neisser coined the term cognitive psychology as the study of information
psychology
• Role of mental processes in how people process info, develop language, solve problems
and think
• Cognitive psychologists compared the human mind to a computer
• Neuroscience biggest aspect of psych right now
Psychology Today
• Started off as philosophy branched off through scientific processing
• 47% clinical
• 9% neuroscience/experimental
• 8% counselling
• Rest general, education, school, developmental
Academic Psychology
• Wilhelm Wundt founded psychology as a discipline
• Branch of psychology focusing on research and instruction in the various areas or fields
of study in psychology
Applied Psychology
• Branch of psychology applying psychological principles to practical problems
• Example sports psychology
Clinical and Counseling Psychology
• Study of abnormal psychological behaviour and interventions designed to change that
behaviour
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Clinical Psychologists
• Provide psychotherapy helps people modify thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are
causing them distress
• Many earn a PhD
Counselling Psychologists
• Also provide psychotherapy
• May also help individuals dealing with issues
• Canadian psychologists are not allowed to prescribe drugs
Psychiatrists
• Attend medical school
Shared value of all psychologists
• Theory driven use theories to explain behaviour
• Empirical based on research
• Multi-level explained by the brain, the individual and social influences
• Contextual based on cultural context
• Used to focus on individual focus on brain now
Chapter 2
Current trends in psych
• Growing diversity
o More women and members of minority groups
• Advances in technology
o Development of computers and brain imaging techniques new research in
fields of cognitive neuroscience and social neuroscience
• New school of thought
o Positive psychology and positive psychotherapy focus on happiness and other
positive emotions
Scientific Theories and Hypotheses
• Theory explains and predicts observed phenomena
• Hypothesis falsifiable and testable prediction
• Data systematic observation
Hypothesis Parts
• Variables: condition, event or situation that is studied in an experiment
• Independent variable: condition or event that is thought to be a factor in changing
another, condition or event (what you manipulate)
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Document Summary
Psychoanalysis: unconscious: hypothesized repository of thoughts, feelings and sensations outside human awareness thought to have a strong bearing on human behaviour. Sigmund freud: belief that people"s behaviours are based on their unconscious desires and conflicts, developed psychoanalysis aimed to resolve unconscious conflicts, childhood experiences help set the stage for later psychological functioning interested in patients with hysteria. Behaviourism: belief that psychology should study only observable behaviours, early behaviourists focus on relationship between stimuli and responses. Edward thorndike: proposed research findings from the study of animals could help explain human behaviour. Ivan pavlov found dogs could learn to associate a bell with an automatic behaviour, such as salivating for food. John watson: conducted the little albert experiment demonstrating that children could be classically conditioned. B. f skinner: developed operant conditioning to shape behaviour investigated how consequences reinforce behaviour reinforcement: learning process that increases the likelihood a given response will be repeated, punishment: an experience that produces a decrease in a particular behaviour.
