PS261- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 40 pages long!)
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Experimental control: experimental group, full experiment (rats that got to explore maze, control group, identical in all but feature under study (no experience of the maze, both groups, same age, lifestyle, intelligence, etc. Clever hans: horse that performed, solving math and other problems, when the trainer didn"t see the answer, hans failed, when the trained had the wrong answer, hans gave that answer, trainer produced (subconscious) cues, no learning (of math) Anthropomorphism: can result from assuming mental continuity, assuming that animals are just like us, assuming that animals use the same processes as us to solve tasks, e. g. Language anthropomorphism examples: 1960"s: us navy tried to communicate with dolphins, dolphins gave responses that were based on (unconscious?) cues from the experimenter, no real communication, 1970"s several researchers tried teaching language(s) to chimps. Controlled experiments: edward thorndike, placed cats in puzzle boxes, cats had to escape, and gradually got faster, animals (and humans) learn by trail-and-error, thorndike"s law of effect:
