MODR 1711- Midterm Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 25 pages long!)

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1. 3 organizing concepts: find the highest-level ( most abstract) genus. Identify concepts that are species of that genus; they should have the same degree of abstractness. If there is more than one distinguishing attributes, choose the most essential one: check to make sure that the resulting definition is not circular, unnecessarily negative or unclear. A proposition consists of a subject and a predicate. If two words are synonyms, the resulting sentences make the same proposition (meaning). If the words are different, the sentences make different statements. 3. 1b metaphors: a metaphor is a particular figure of speech in which one thing is equated to another in order to bring out somepoint of similarity. To determine whether two sentences assert the same proposition: use techniques of classifications and definition to identify the concepts the words express. Ignore differences in connotation: find a literal interpretation of all metaphors.

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