BIO 1305 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Dna, Covalent Bond, Protein
BIO 1305
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
08/22/2018
1.1
Some Properties of Life:
•Order"
•Evolutionary adaptation "
•Regulation"
•Energy Processing Growth and Development "
•Response to the environment "
•Reproduction "
Ways of thinking about life that will still hold true decades from now:
•Organization"
•Information "
•Energy and Matter "
•Interactions"
•Evolution "
Life can be studied at different levels, from molecules to the entire living planets"
Biosphere: All life on Earth and all the places where life exists "
Ex: Regions of lands and bodies of water"
Ecosystems: All the living THINGS in a particular area, along with the nonliving components of
the environment with which life interacts. "
Ex: soil, water, atmospheric gas, and light "
Communities: The array organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. Including many kinds of
plants, various animals, mushrooms, fungi, and enormous numbers of diverse microorganism
such as bacterias. "
Species: a group whose members can only reproduce with other members of the groups. "
Population: All the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area."
"
Organism: Individual living things. "
Reductionism: Zooming in through the levels of the biological hierarchy at ever-finer
resolutions. It reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to
study. "
Organs: A body part that is made up of multiple tissues and has specific functions in the body. "
Ex: leafs, roots, stems "
Tissue: A group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function. "
Cells: Life’s fundamental unit of structure and functions. "
"
Organelles: The various functional components present in cells."
Ex: Chloroplast "
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08/22/2018
Molecules: Chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms."
Chlorophyll: The pigment that makes leaf green, and it absorbs sunlight during
photosynthesis."
Emergent Properties: Results from the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity
increases. "
Systems Biology: The exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among
its parts.
Every cell is enclosed by a membrane that regulates that passage of material between the cells
and its surroundings. "
Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule with thousands of genes."
Genes are the units of inheritance"
•Genes encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell. "
A - T"
C - G "
Prokaryotic: single-celled microorganism bacteria (singular, bacterium) and Archaea (singular,
archaean). Lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles. Are generally smaller than
eukaryotes cells."
Eukaryotic: Contains membrane-enclosed organelles. "
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Generic Material "
Genes: Units of the inheritance "
Strands: Two long chains, arranged in a double helix."
Nucleotides: Each chain is made up of four kinds of chemical building blocks, abbreviated
A,T,C and G "
Gene Expression: Cells use information encoded in a gene to synthesize a functional protein. "
Proteins are major players in building and maintaining the cell and carrying out its activities. "
A particular sequence of nucleotides says the same thing in one organism as it does in another. "
Transcription- DNA creates mRNA "
Translation: mRNA creates chains of amino acid"
Genome: The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits. "
Genomics: Researchers study whole sets of genes or DNA in one or more species."
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Some properties of life: order, evolutionary adaptation, regulation, energy processing growth and development, response to the environment, reproduction. Ways of thinking about life that will still hold true decades from now: organization, information, energy and matter, interactions, evolution. Life can be studied at di erent levels, from molecules to the entire living planets. Biosphere: all life on earth and all the places where life exists. Ex: regions of lands and bodies of water. Ecosystems: all the living things in a particular area, along with the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts. Communities: the array organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem. Including many kinds of plants, various animals, mushrooms, fungi, and enormous numbers of diverse microorganism such as bacterias. Species: a group whose members can only reproduce with other members of the groups. Population: all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a speci c area.
