Exam 1 Review
• Chapter 1
o Marketing – the process of planning and executing conception, pricing, promotion
and distribution to create exchanges (trade of things of value)
4 P’s: product, price, place, promotion
Market goods, places, causes, events, people
It plays an important role in society (get what we need), important to
business because of survival, profits and growth, career opportunities,
affects every day life
o Production Orientation
Focus on manufacturing/production – internal
Make best product – people will buy it
Often feasible with excess demand + weak competition
o Sales Orientation
Focus on selling existing products
Often by excess supply (buyers market)
o Market Orientation
Need to understand consumer needs and wants to decide what to produce
Adoption of marketing concept – key
Focus externally on markets, LT profits not just sales
Satisfying customer needs + distinguish
o 4 P’s
Product – create value
Pricing – capture value
Promotion – communicate value
Place – deliver value
o Social Orientation
Same needs/wants of customer may not be in their best interest
Less toxic, more healthy etc. “society at large”
• Could be too expensive + doubt
• Chapter 2
o Marketing Plan Elements
Mission Statement
• Definition, vision for company
• Internal (strategic), external (customers)
• Benefit focus! – Just right, a direction, opportunity
• Marketing Miopia – too narrow
Objectives
• Measurable, realistic, time specific, compared to benchmark
• Financial, market share, sales customer satisfaction
Opportunity Matrix
• Current/current: market penetration
• Current/new: market development • New/current: product development
• New/new: diversification
SWOT analysis
• Identify key problems and opportunities
• Internal strengths and weaknesses
• External opportunities and threats
o Where was firm – where is it now – where is it headed
• Provide strong foundation for making better marketing decisions
o 3 C’s: customers, competitors, company (and collaborators
(suppliers))
o Scan environment: PEST factors
• Competitive advantage – superior to competitors, cannot be copied
by competition
o Cost competitive advantage – low cost while maintaining
profit margins
Provide value but subject to erosion
Ex: WalMart
o Product/Service Differentiatio
Unique and valuable beyond low price
Brand name, reliability, image, service
Ex: Nike, FedEx
o Niche competitive advantage
Seeks to target and effectively serve single segment
of market
• Direct Market Environment (3 C’s)
o Understanding the company
Strengths and weaknesses, goals, capabilities
o Understanding the customer
Who, when, where, post purchase
o Understanding the competitors
Direct/indirect, potential attitude, barriers
Marketing Strategy
• Segment + Target Position (STP)
• Marketing Mix – 4Ps
Implementation and Evaluation
o Chapter 4
External Environment – PEST factors
• Political and Legal
o Government legislation
o Taxes, labor laws, environmental laws, tariffs
Influence consumer attitude toward certain products
Careful about entering international markets
• Economic o Interest rates, inflation, income, exchange
o State of the economy
Affect consumer buying potential
• Social and Demographic
o How and why people live like they do
Attitudes and lifestyles
o Trends
Declining birthrate
Aging population
• Baby boomers – 30%
Changing racial + ethnic composition
Changing households + role of women
o Affects buying behavior
• Technology
o New products and processes, how fast it is changing, R&D
activity
o Influence outsourcing decisions
o Affect costs, quality and innovation
Competitive Factors
• Number of competitors
• Relative size
• Degree of interdependence
o Management has little control over these
• Chapter 6
o Consumer Decision Making Process
Level of involvement – intensity of interest
• Routine response behavio – very little search and decision effort
o Low priced, frequently bought ex: toothpaste
• Limited decision making – occasionally purchased products
o Need to acquire information about unfamiliar brands in
familiar category
Ex: Tide with Bleach
• Extended decision making
o Unfamiliar and expensive
o Evaluating brands requiring a lot of time and effort
o High risk ex: homes, car
o 5 Stages
Stage 1:Problem Recognition
• Buyer becomes aware of difference between desired state and
actual condition
• Maybe unaware of problem/need
o Marketing trigger recognition of needs external and internal
(upset) Stage 2: Information Search
• Internal search – memories
• External search – outside sources can be marketing control
o Yields consideration set of alternatives
Evoked se
Stage 3: Evaluation of Alternatives
• Compare, rate and rank criteria of relative importance
Stage 4: Purchase decision and actio
• Heurist – simplified rules for decision making
o Compensatory – best according to ratings
o Affect –buy because of the branst loyalty, prestigious
o Conjunctive – nothing bad, is 1 above the minimum
threshold.
o Lexicographic – choose important feature and best one of
that
• Impact of budget constraints, availability product, point of
purchase – displays, packaging etc.
• Instore decisions
o Unplanned (impulse) – large percentage
o In store promotion is trackable unlike tv ads
Stage 5: Post Purchase Evaluation
• Does it meet expectations, perform right?
• Cognitive dissonance – buyer’s remorse/doubts
o Psychological discomfort
o Factors influencing decisions
Psychological influences
• Motivation
• Learning; experiential, conceptual, associative
• Attitudes and beliefs
Cultural
• Culture and values, subculture, social class
Social
• Reference groups (memberships, aspirational, nonaspirational)
• Opinion leaders, family
Individual
• Gender, age, family life cycle stage, personality, selfconcept (ideal
selfimage) and lifestyle
Psychological
• Perception, motivation, learning beliefs and attitudes
o Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
SelfActualization (self development)
Esteem Needs (selfesteem, status)
Social Needs (sense of belonging, love) Safety Needs (security, protection)
Physiological Needs (hunger and thirst)
Learning
• Experiential – ex: free food samples
• Conceptual – thinking, reasoning, problem solving
• Associative – classical conditioning
o Endowment effect – people value object more when you
own it (premium of being yours)
o Ex: popular music=good feeling – popular music +
pepsi=good feeling, take it home for the day
Attitude
• Learned tendency to respond consistently towards a given object
(ex: brand)
• How can be changed:
o Change beliefs
o Change importance of beliefs
o Add new beliefs
• Chapter 8
o STP strategy
Segmentation (creating clusters of same buyers), targeting (selecting
groups to serve), positioning (selecting points of difference that will be
competitive)
Market Segmentation
• Customers are heterogeneous in needs and responses to mix
offerings
• Segmentation – dividing customers
• Always better to segment market but must make sure it is
financially possibly and sound
o Must be large enough to be profitable
• Why segment?
o Mean offering may not fit customer needs
o Better focus (otherwise waste resources) – more efficient
o Enhanced competitiveness
Failure leaves vulnerable to rivals
• Measureable, accessible, responsive and sustainable
o Bases
Demographics – age, gender, income, ethnicity
Geographic – region, climate
Psychographic – lifestyle, personality, risk –
accurate but hard to measure
Benefits sought – quality, service
Usage rate – cellphone companies, airlines • 4P’s will differ due to different benefits
sought
o Selection
Size, growth potential, capability
Competitive position cost
1: split into segments
2: choose attractive segment to promote
Targetin
• Evaluating segments and selecting one
• Results function of competitive position and segment
attractiveness
o Concentrated (niche) – just one
o Multiple – two or more, overlap, higher operation cost
o Undifferentiated – mass market – common needs
Advantage: low cost, operational efficiency
Disadvantage: hard to be everything to everyone –
risky because focused competitors could steal
segments
Works for commodities that are the same
• Ex: salt
o Onetoone – unique to each customer
Ex: Dell
Growing trend as of late
Positionin
• Place product occupies in consumer’s minds “big idea”
o Ex: Volvo – safety, Southwest – low cost
• Object: gain competitive advantage by developing products which
satisfy needs better than competitors
• Need: to understand customers
• Tool: perceptual map – spacial representation
o Choose two attributes – identifies key point of difference
• Repositionin
o Changing consumer’s perceptions
• Positioning Statement
o For segment, the concept is the primary important claim
because it is single important factor (“reason to believe
claim”)
• Promotion is the tool to implement position
• Increase in “green” positioning – premium positioning
• Marketing Math
o Costs: TC = FC + VC
o Margin:
Sales price > cost of purchase Cost + margin = selling price
VC + (margin x selling price) = selling price
SP = UM + VC
o Revenue – VC – FC = 0
o SP(units) – VC(units) – FC = 0
o (SPVC)(units) = FC
o BE volume = FC/(PVC) = FC/UM
Increase in P makes reaching BE easier
Small change in P have big impact on Q
o Profit Target + FC = UM x Units sold
o Market Share: unit sales as % of products sold
o BE MS = BE volume/market size
o Channel Pricing
The previous channel member’s price is the next channel member’s
variable cost
o Units = (TFC+ Target Profit)/UM
• Exam 1 Recap
o STP Strategy
Segmentation
• Ex: demographic base – family life cycle
Targeting
• Ex: Niche
• Attractiveness: size, growth potential, capability, competitive
position, cost
Positioning
• Ex: place product occupies in consumers’ minds: perception
• Choose a benefit that will set you apart
o Ex: convenience, health
o Multiple Choice
Compensatory method – multiply attribute rating x weight
Market share – Z is only second choice compared to one of the other two
(lowest)
Unit Margin Calculation
Endowment Effect – Saturn ad take it home for a test ride 24hr
• Ex: extended trials, return policy
Change beliefs, change importance of beliefs, add new beliefs
• Give an example Exam 2 Review
• Chapter 9: Marketing Research
o Research
Marketing Concept
Market Environment + Opportunity Matrix
Marketing Strategy
Strategy Implementation: Marketing Mix
o The process of defining a marketing problem and opportunity by
collecting/analyzing info
Failure: A&F (look is old)
Success: Kraft Ritz Toasted Chips
o Steps
1. Defining Problem
• Set search objectives
2. Analyzing Situation
• Determine information for research
3. Getting problemspecific data
• Specific data – collect data
4. Interpreting Data
• Data analysis: converting information into knowledge
5. Solving Problem
• Make decision recommendations
o Data Sources
Secondary data
• Information already been collected or published that is adapted to a
firm’s marketing research
• Cheap, quick ▯media, research firms, publications etc.
• Not necessarily reliable/outdated – does not exactly
pertain/relevant to your specific problem
Primary data
• Collected by researcher to answer current problem
• Very specific towards your mktg research question/goal
• Could be biased to support your view
• Expensive, timely but very relevant
Two types of studies to collect data
• Qualitati e
o Cannot be summarized in numbers
o Good for idea generation, richness, depth of understanding
o Directional, not quantified results
Focus group – most common used
• Moderated group discussion, open ended
questions ensuring relevant issues
• 610 people • $3,500$6,000 per study
• Uncover basic needs, attitudes, perceptions
• Test new products
• Want target market sample (this is not
representative)
Onetoone in depth intervie
• Conducted facetoface
• Explore subject matter in detail
• Provides indepth insights
Ethnographic studie
• Consumer behavior in natural context
• Why do they do what they do
Qualitative observation methods
• People watching: mystery shoppers
• People watching people ▯ oneway mirrors;
machines watching people ▯ hidden cameras
• Quantitati e
o Summarized in numbers, structured responses
o Good for idea evaluation
Questionnaires/Surveys
• Mail, phone, personal, online, mall, doorto
door (no bias and very efficient)
• Clear, concise, nonambiguous, unbiased
o Consider these factors: speed, cost,
representative, control order, size
Experiments
• Provide insight into cause and effect
• Causal research: manipulating variables
while holding others constant and measuring
the results
o Lab: cheaper
o Field: expensive ex: test markets
Quantitative Observationa
• Mechanical: UPC scanners, click path
• Disadvantages: just see what, not why
• Advantages: see reality – no bias from
contact that influences responses
• Actions and words are very different
o 3 Common Mistakes
Ignore costs (time & expenses) of obtaining info
• Managers should balance value and costs
Wrong type of research • Correlation does not equal causation
• Storks bring babies
Validity problems
• Poorly worded questions
• Intended measurements
o 6 grade level questions – simple
and understandable
Market research to be useful focuses on manager’s
problems and answers the right questions and
affects decision making
o Four I’s of Engagement (Look in Consumer Behavior Slides)
Involvement ▯oneway communication between brand and consumer. Ex.
Page views, time spent per session, frequency of visit
Interaction ▯ twoway communication between brand and consumer. Web
analytics to track consumers interaction with brand.
Intimacy▯loyalty and commitment to brand. Repurchase intentions.
• Social Listening/Brand Monitoring understand how consumers use
your product, how they talk about it, how they talk about
competitors and what the sentiment is▯very time consuming to do
this/how useful is it really?
Influence: is the likelihood of a consumer to advocate on behalf of the
brand▯can be through social media or word of mouth
• Chapter 10: Product Concepts & Brand Management
o Product
Bundle of physical, service and symbolic attributes designed to satisfy a
consumer’s wants and needs
• Combination of good and service: eating at a restaurant
Buy total offering – physical good and service, brand, warranty
Several layers
• Core benefit – product
• Actual product – features, design, quality, brand, packaging
• Augmented product – installation, delivery, warranty, after sale
o Product line
Set of closely related products offered by a company
Dept
• Number of product items in line = line extension
• Attract buyers with different preferences
• Increases sales by further segmentation
• Capitalizes on economies of scale
o Product mix
Set of all product lines offered
Widt
• Number of lines offered • Diversifies risk
• Capitalizes on established reputations
o Classification of Consumer Products
Convenience Products – products a consumer needs but is not willing to
spend time or effort for
• Routine response behavior and wide distribution
o Staple products – often ex: toothpaste
o Impulse products – no planning
o Emergency – immediate
Shopping Products – worth time and effort to compare, less frequent and
higher priced ▯limited/extensive problem solving ex: cameras
• Homogenous: sees them as same – want low prices
• Heterogeneous
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