PLANTBI 40 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Gene, Bacteria, Dna
12 Oct 2018
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PLANTBI 40
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Plants Lecture01 Questions
Making food from plants impacts at least 4 areas that concern the future of us/our
planet….name them (see lecture 1)
Pollution of air due to overuse of machinery
Overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Overuse of antibiotics to grow meat raised on grains
Policy/Politics/Economy
How do plants affect our health?
What you eat determines whether your body is healthy
Medicine: 50% of commercial meds are based on a plant compound. 25% are derived directly
from plants
Mental health improves if you spend more time outside in “nature”
What are 4 characteristics that distinguish monocots and dicots?
Embryos (cotyledons) either make one leaf--monocots or two leaves--dicots
Veins: Parallel--M, Netlike--D
Petals: Multipliers of 3--M, Multipliers of 4 or 5--D
Roots: Fibrous (no primary roots) --M, Tap-root (primary roots) --D
Draw and explain a plant “meristem”. Where are meristems located?
Meristem contains “undifferentiated” cells that will produce new organs. These cells can
differentiate into different cells. The meristem is located at the root/shoot tips.
What was Von Helmont’s experiment? What did it suggest?
He planted a tree in a container with 200 lbs of soil. 5 years later, he weighed the soiled again
and it became 199 lbs. The tree weighed 170 lbs. It suggests that plant does not eat soil in order
to grow. The tree actually used CO2 and H2O to grow.
Priestley did an experiment with mice and plants. What did he do? What did he
Conclude?
He first put a mouse on a pedestal surrounded by water in a closed container. After a while the
mouse dies because it has used up the Oxygen in the air, and the water level rises. (The volume
of Oxygen is reduced, so the water level can rise). Then he puts another mouse in the same
container, and it also dies because there is no O2 only toxic CO2. When he puts a plant in a
closed container, the plant lives. He then puts a mouse along with a plant in a closed container,
and both of them live. He concludes that the mouse uses up the “pure” air and replaces it with
“impure” air which causes the mouse to die. However, the plant can use the “impure” air to grow
and purify the air.
Define hydrophilic and hydrophobic and give examples of each.
Hydrophilic means having a tendency to mix with water, and hydrophobic means having a
tendency to repel water. Carbon chains, lipids, membranes, chlorophylls are hydrophobic,
vinegar, stroma, and Calcium Chloride are hydrophilic.
Summarize what happens in the light dependent and light independent (dark) reactions of
photosynthesis, and where they occur. Also give the overall inputs and outputs for the
entire reactions of photosynthesis.
Light dependent reaction happens in the thylakoid membrane system. Light provides the energy
to split water molecules to form oxygen. The H atoms are stored in NADPH, and the extra
energy created are stored in ATP. Light independent reaction happens in the stroma. CO2 from
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the air is taken in and used to create sugar molecules using the ATP and NADPH formed in the
light dependent reactions. 6H2O + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
What basically happens during the light independent (dark) reactions (also called the
Calvin-Benson cycle)?
CO2 is pulled into the chloroplast and fixed (chemically bound to sugar molecules). 6 CO2 joins
with 6 five-carbon sugars to make 6 six-carbon sugars. Then the six-carbon sugars are broken
into 12 three-carbon sugars using ATP and NADPH. These 12 three-carbon sugars are used to
make one new six-carbon sugar and remake 6 five-carbon sugars that were used at the beginning
of the circle. ATP provides energy and NADPH provides H atoms.
Engelmann did a very simple experiment. What was this experiment? In your answer also
explain in simple words why chloroplasts are green.
He put bacteria in a tank with algae that can photosynthesize. He shined light through a prism
onto the tank, so that all different colors were spread across the tank. The bacteria swam to the
areas of blue and red light as that is where the “food” was. The food was the sugars produced by
the algae during photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb red and blue light and reflect green light.
What is the “greenhouse” effect and how does it cause temperatures to rise? Diagram
and explain the greenhouse effect and how it leads to rising temperatures.
- Atmosphere above planet acts like glass in a greenhouse that keeps heat inside and lets some
heat from light energy go out
- Addition of greenhouse gas by humans lead to greater retention of heat in atmosphere
What are the five major (greater than 3%) greenhouse gases? Where do they come
form? How might they be reduced?
1. Carbon dioxide: car and factory exhaust, burning fossil fuels
2. Methane: beef gas, natural gas leaks, landfill with decaying organic matter capture gas from
landfill
3. Carbon soot: deforestation, wood and coal burning
4. Industrial chemicals: CFCs in aerosol cans, propellants/ HFC in refrigerators and conditioners
5. Nitrous oxide: nitrogen fertilizer
Even though methane is currently produced at about half the levels of carbon dioxide it is a
much stronger greenhouse gas because? What are 3 major sources of methane?
- Methane is more powerful in trapping heat than CO2
- Beef gas, natural gas leaks, landfill with decaying organic matter
*What are some of the effects of global warming? Name and discuss 5. (not sure)
1. Rising temperature and heat
Kill marine organisms (ocean becomes more acidic)
Corn and rice production suffering
2. Earth warms, ocean gets warmer, hurricanes stronger (wind stronger, increased water content
in cloud)
3. Ice melts, sea level rises: destroy towns, ruin wetlands
4. Antarctic ice shelves collapse (habitat), tundra lakes disappearing (lose drinking water)
5. Spruce bark beetles killing trees
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Document Summary
Making food from plants impacts at least 4 areas that concern the future of us/our planet . name them (see lecture 1) Pollution of air due to overuse of machinery. Overuse of antibiotics to grow meat raised on grains. What you eat determines whether your body is healthy. Medicine: 50% of commercial meds are based on a plant compound. Mental health improves if you spend more time outside in nature . Embryos (cotyledons) either make one leaf--monocots or two leaves--dicots. Petals: multipliers of 3--m, multipliers of 4 or 5--d. Roots: fibrous (no primary roots) --m, tap-root (primary roots) --d. Meristem contains undifferentiated cells that will produce new organs. The meristem is located at the root/shoot tips. He planted a tree in a container with 200 lbs of soil. 5 years later, he weighed the soiled again and it became 199 lbs. It suggests that plant does not eat soil in order to grow.
