CAS BI 105 Study Guide - Final Guide: Falsifiability, Organism, Chromosome
6 May 2020
School
Department
Course
Professor
Biology 105: Health Sciences
September 4, 2019
Levels of Organization:
1) Muscles/ Tissues
2) Molecular and Cellular Biology
3) Organs
4) Organisms
5) Populations of Organisms
Timescales:
1) Organism Behavior (Short Changes)
2) More chronic change
3) Developmental Changes
Principles of Biology:
1) Cells are the simplest unites of life.
2) All living organisms use energy in some way.
3) Living organisms interact with their environment.
4) Living organisms grow and develop.
5) The genetic material provides a blueprint for reproduction.
6) Populations of organisms evolve from one generation to the next (Individual organisms
do not evolve).
September 5, 2019
Basic Biology: Driven by specific principles.
Applied Biology:
Complex Interactions:
Scientific Inquiry: Science is the observation. Learn something about the natural world through
exploration.
- Hypothesis-Driven Biology: (Scientific Method)
- Hypothesis have to be statements that can be true or false (falsifiable).
- Do multiple experiments from multiple different angles.
- Control VS Experimental groups to determine the differences between the two groups.
- Discovery Based Biology: Goal is to gather information -> A) Testing drugs to look for
action against a certain disease, B) Sequencing genomes and proteomes.
September 9, 2019
Chemistry for Biology:
- Autism and the MMR Vaccine:
- Wakefield’s 1998 study of 12 children, suggested that vaccines might be linked to
development of autism.
- If-Then Statements are Predictions.
- Matter: Anything that takes up space and has mass.
- Atoms: Smallest functional units of matter are atoms.
- Elements: Substances that contain only one type of atom.
- Atoms can form bonds with each other, generating molecules, that have different
characteristics than single atoms.
- Critical four elements of life: Carbon ©, Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), and Nitrogen (N).
- Atoms Contain Subatomic Particles.
1) Protons: Positive Charge (+), Found in the Nucleus.
2) Neutrons: Neutral, Found in the Nucleus.
3) Electrons: Negative Charge (-), Found in Orbitals (clouds around the nucleus).
- Molecules and Compounds:
- Molecules: Two or more atoms bonded together.
- Molecular Formula:
September 11, 2019
- Macromolecules: Large molecules necessary for life that are built from smaller organic
molecules. (Created by polymerization of smaller subunits called monomers).
- 1,000 or more atoms.
i) Proteins
ii) Carbohydrates
iii) Nucleic Acids
iv) Lipids
- Electrons are not always equally shared by atoms in a covalent bond.
- Polar molecules containing H can exhibit Hydrogen Bonding.
- Hydrogen Bonding: The H atom from a polar molecule is attracted to an electronegative
atom of another polar molecule.
- Not all Biologically important molecules are polar.
- Side with the oxygen is where they share electrons less fairly.
- Water is one of the most important components of Animal Bodies.
- Water is a solvent.
- Polar Covalent bonds result from unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bonds.
- Hydrophilic (“water-loving”): Readily dissolve in water. Molecules with ionic and/or
polar covalent bonds.
- Dissolving sodium chloride in water
- Hydrophobic (“water-fearing”): Do not dissolve in water. Non polar molecules like
hydrocarbons, oils.
- Amphipathic: Different parts of them can do each. Molecules with polar/ionized and
nonpolar regions. Form Micelles
- Dehydration reaction
- Hydrolysis
- Carbon: Has 4 electrons in its outer shell.
- Needs 4 more electrons to fill the shell, so it favors making four covalent bonds.
- Single, double, or even triple bonds are possible.
- Monomers (1)
- Polymer (2+), made through Polymerization.
